<p>The Naples Mound 8  is a Havana Hopewell culture mound site located in Pike County, Illinois three miles east of the city of Griggsville.</p><br>
<p>The mound was given the name Naples Mound #8 in 1882. The mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>First recorded visit by Latter Day Saints: The Zelph Mound</h2><br>
<p>In May and June 1834, Joseph Smith led a Latter Day Saint group of 150 men known as Zion&#39;s Camp on a march from Kirtland, Ohio, to Jackson County, Missouri. On June 3, while passing through west-central Illinois three miles east of Griggsville, Illinois, some men discovered a large burial mound on the west side of the Illinois River one mile south of present-day Valley city.</p><br>
<p>On the top of the mound were...the remains of bones were strewn over the surface of the ground. The brethren procured a shovel and a hoe, and removing the earth to the depth of about one foot, discovered the skeleton of a man, almost entire, and between his ribs the stone point of a Lamanitish arrow, which evidently produced his death... The visions of the past being opened to my understanding by the Spirit of the Almighty, I discovered that the person whose skeleton lay before us was a white Lamanite, a large thick-set man, a white Lamanite, and a man of God...He was a warrior and chieftain under the great prophet Onandagus, who was known from the Hill Cumorah, or eastern sea to the Rocky Mountains...He was killed during the last great struggles of the Lamanites and Nephites".</p><br>
<p>The Book of Mormon identifies the last struggles or battles between the Nephites and the Lamanites as occurring between 375 A.D. and about 385 A.D. The leg bones of "Zelph" were carried in Wilford Woodruffs wagon and reburied near Liberty, Missouri, but the arrow head was retained. The Zelph Mound incident was recorded by six men of Zions Camp in their journals: Woodruff, Heber C. Kimball, Levi Hancock, George A. Smith, Moses Martin, and Reuben McBride. The Zelph Mound incident was formally recorded in church history from available sources in 1842 by church historian, Willard Richards.</p><br>
<h2>First recorded visits by local settlers</h2><br>
<p>Illinois was made a state in 1818 and white settlers came in and opened some of the burial mounds in the former Native American lands. Judge John G. Henderson of Winchester, Illinois, was impressed by beautifully carved stone smoking pipes a friend showed him which were obtained from burial mounds in Naples, Illinois. Accordingly, he and a Mr. Merrill, in 1876, did some excavations and documentation of some of the Naples mounds in which were found a raccoon and a turtle pipe, copper axes, and human skeletal remains. Henderson also mapped the location of fifteen mounds near Naples, including Naples Mound #8. A map he made shows Naples Mound #8 as being a mile south of Valley City, Illinois and across the Illinois River from Naples, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>In describing Naples Mound #8 Henderson states, "On the right bank of the Illinois river about 300 yards below Griggsville Landing, rises a lofty bluff fully 300 feet above the level of the river. On the summit is a beautiful, oval mound, 150 long, 92 feet wide in the middle, and 25 or 30 feet high....within a radius of 5 miles from Naples there are a least fifty mounds, very few of which have ever been opened". After Henderson wrote an article describing the Naples mounds and the relics found in them, the Smithsonian Institution, in December 1879 began a thorough exploration of them, furnishing six laborers to help with the excavations. Afterwards, Henderson authored the article describing the results in the Smithsonian Annual Report.</p><br>
<h2>Rediscovery of the Mound</h2><br>
<p>The mound was forgotten after 1882 and no records of visits have been found until 1974. Due to the Central Illinois Expressway bridge being planned across the Illinois River, the river bluffs were again visited by archaeologists. A team of graduate students from Northwestern University led by Archaeology Professor Jane E. Buikstra combed the bluffs of the Illinois River a mile South of Valley City, Illinois mapping burial mounds. They located an extraordinarily large mound and were excited to inform local historian, Warren Winston, about it. James Bradley, a Mormon Historian from Utah, who had been searching for Zelph Mound for 25 years, visited Warren Winston the day after Professor Buikstra&#39;s visit and the connection was made. The Zelph Mound, was re-identified using historic journals, historic landmarks and mound surveys. The archaeological name Naples Mound #8, which archaeologist Henderson had given it over ninety years earlier, was changed by Professor Buikstra in 1974 to Naples-Russell Mound #8 (RN8). The name "Russell" was added due to the mound being on private land owned by a Mr. Roy Russell. Shortly after that event, in 1975, Buikstra applied to have the mound placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Seven years later, in 1988, The State of Illinois purchased 280 acres of Illinois River frontage land, including the mound.</p><br>
<h2>Scientific investigation of the Mound</h2><br>
<p>Archaeologists, after excavating in the Elizabeth Mounds and Napoleon Hollow for ten years where the expressway bridge was to be built, received permission to do excavations in Naples-Russell Mound #8, located just a hundred and fifty yards to the north of the Elizabeth Mound group. A scientific excavation of RN8 was carried out in 1990 by The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, in cooperation with the Center for American Archaeology at Kampsville, Illinois. The dig was funded by the Illinois Department of Transportation and supervised by archaeologist, Ken Farnsworth. The artifacts found during the excavation confirmed the mound to be a Hopewell burial mound, dating from 100 B.C. to 500 A.D. The artifacts are now located in the Illinois State Museum. The artifacts of the RN8 Mound were found to be from many parts of the eastern two thirds of United States or east of the Rocky Mountains, illustrating the wide trade network of the Hopewell culture. Photographs of the artifacts from NR8 have recently been published. The mound is located at the Roy Norbut Fish and Wildlife Area, overseen by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<p>Col de la Lombarde   is a high mountain pass above the ski resort of Isola 2000 on the border between France and Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Details of the climb</h2><br>
<p>From Italy, the climb starts at Vinadio and is 21.5 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 1447 m. (an average percentage of 6.9%), with the steepest sections at 9.1% (although some bends reach over 14%).</p><br>
<p>From France, the climb starts at Isola 2000 and is 21.2 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 1477 m. (an average percentage of 7%), with the steepest sections at 9.3% at the foot of the climb.</p><br>
<h2>Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>In 2008 the Tour de France crossed the pass for the first time, approaching from Italy via Vinadio on the 157 km sixteenth stage from Cuneo to Jausiers.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>The Massie Variety Store is a historic commercial building located at 110 South Main Street in New Canton, Illinois. John Webb built the two-story brick Italianate building between 1848 and 1850 as a mercantile store. Webb sold the building to Amos Morey, who added Melville D. Massie as a partner; by 1872, Massie had become the stores only owner. The store became one of the largest in the region by the 1890s, and it had taken on other roles in the community. An opera house operated on the upper story from 1865 until the 1900s, and Massie served as an agent for local farmers who traded their products along the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Massies son Harry began renting the storefront in 1918; in the following decades, it served as a drug store, ice cream parlor, grocery store, and post office before closing for good in 1948. Roger Dudley purchased the building from the Massie family in 1962 and converted it to a toy store; his business, later an antique store, operated until the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The store was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 20, 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Christ is a historic church located at 102 Main Street in Perry, Pike County, Illinois. The Carpenter Gothic church was built in 1880 for Perry&#39;s Church of Christ congregation, which formed in 1837. The one-story wooden building has a limestone foundation. The front facade features a three-section steeple and chimneys at the two corners; the steeple consists of a tower with arched windows, a lantern with louvered windows, and a spire atop a mansard roof. The Gothic arched front entrance to the church is located at the base of the tower. Arched stained glass windows with floral and geometric patterns are located on either side of the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 2006.</p><br>
<p>On Wednesday, October 1, 2014, the church was struck by lightning. Firefighters were unable to save it, and the remnants of the church will be demolished.</p><br>
<p>Col de la Madeleine  is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Savoie in France which connects La Chambre in Maurienne with La Léchère in Tarentaise. The pass is closed from November to the beginning of June. It has been described as "beautiful, but heartbreaking".</p><br>
<h2>Cycling</h2><br>
<h3>Details of the climb</h3><br>
<p>The southern approach from La Chambre (via the D213) is 19.05 km. long, gaining 1,522 m. at an average gradient of 8%. Alternatively, the route via the D76 is 19.8 km. long, climbing 1,520 m. at an average of 7.7%.</p><br>
<p>The northern approach can be accessed via Feissons-sur-Isère. From Feissons-sur-Isère (through La Léchère), the climb is 25.3 km. long, gaining 1,585 m. at an average gradient of 6.2%. For the 2012 Tour de France, the height at the summit is shown as 2,000 m., whereas in previous years it has been shown as 1,993 m.</p><br>
<p>From Aigueblanche, the climb is 28.28 km. long, climbing 1,533 m. at an average of 5.4%.</p><br>
<p>On both sides of the Col de la Madeleine mountain pass cycling milestones are placed every kilometre. They indicate the distance to the summit, the current height, and the average slope in the following kilometre. Such signposting for cyclists has become common in most major mountain passes in the French Pyrenees and Alps.</p><br>
<h3>Appearances in Tour de France</h3><br>
<p>The pass was first included in the Tour de France in 1969 and has since featured 24 times.</p><br>
<p>It has been ranked hors catégorie, every year since 1995.</p><br>
<p>The John Shastid House is a historic house located at 326 E. Jefferson St. in Pittsfield, Illinois. John Shastid, a settler from New Salem, built the house in 1838. The timber-frame house is a well-preserved early example of the construction technique in Illinois. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Greene Shastid, the builder of the house, was born in Kentucky in 1798. By 1828, he and his family had settled in Illinois at the Sangamon County town of New Salem. Seeking economic opportunities in sparsely-settled Pike County, Shastid and his family moved to Pittsfield in 1836; at the time, the city had only six other houses. Shastid built his house two years later, where he lived with his wife Elizabeth and his four children. Shastid worked as a farmer and eventually held public office, serving as Pike County Sheriff for eight years. Elizabeth died in 1863, and John Shastid died in 1874; while their children had moved elsewhere by this point, the family owned and rented the house until 1927.</p><br>
<p>According to John Shastids grandson Thomas, Abraham Lincoln visited the house while conducting legal work in Pittsfield. Family legend holds that on one such visit, Lincoln ate an entire pot of one dozen broiled pigeons prepared as a family dinner. The houses connection to Lincoln was likely influential in its early preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Shastid House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 26, 2003. The house is now owned by the Pike County Historical Society, which provides tours by appointment. The Society also operates the Pike County Historical Society Museum in Pittsfield.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The John Shastid House is a timber frame house, a style which used wooden beams for structural support. The house is built from squared beams connected by mortise and tenon joints, the characteristing method of timber frame construction; the style differs from both log cabins, which used rounded logs, and balloon framing, which typically used nails and smaller beams. The beams were hewn rather than sawn, an unusual technique that likely resulted from Pittsfield&#39;s lack of a sawmill in 1838. Well-preserved timber frame houses are rare in Illinois, and the Shastid House is the only surviving example of the method in Pittsfield.</p><br>
<p>Leguan Island is a small island situated in the delta of the Essequibo River on the coast of Guyana, South America. The island is shaped like a gull wing and is nine miles  long and 2 mi wide at its widest making it roughly 12 mi square in area.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Leguan has an estimated population of 4,200 living in 27 demarcated villages. The population has declined fairly rapidly during the past decade as residents leave to settle in more urban parts of Guyana or migrate, often to the United States, Canada the United Kingdom or to various Caribbean islands. Leguan is primarily a rice farming and cattle rearing community. Other occupations on the island include government administration, teaching, health care and policing.</p><br>
<p>Leguan is of roughly 82% East Indian ancestry and 17% African ancestry. The remaining approximately 1% of the population are foreign born Chinese, Canadian, American and English, most of whom are involved in community development work with religious or state organizations. A majority of Leguan residents are Hindu. The minority follow Islam, Christianity and the Rastafari movement. Leguan is situated in the Essequibo River, next to another island named Wakenaam. There are 5 rice factories located on the island; the largest one being RN Persaud & Company LTd & the Ojha&#39;s. The primary mode of transportation on Leguan is bicycle. Many people also have motorbikes. A small group of people also have cars. In terms of public transportation, Leguan has a handful of taxis,</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>The island is home to the regional government office for the Essequibo Islands. The regional office serves the other populated islands of the Essequibo River delta, Wakenaam Island and Hogg Island. Leguan has five elementary schools and one secondary school. The secondary school currently serves about 300 students in grades seven through eleven or forms one through five.</p><br>
<p>Leguan is served by the Guyana Department of Transport and Harbours with two daily round-trips to and from Parika with large engine vessels. Many Leguan residents travel to shop at the Thursday and Sunday open-air markets in Parika. Independent speed boat taxis also service the island regularly from the Parika stelling. Leguan only received electricity services from Guyana Power & Light company in 1997 and telephone services, both land-line and cellular, from Guyana Telephone & Telegraph in 1999. The island has three main paved roads, two running along the north and south coasts and a road that bisects the island connecting the coastal roads. The government of Guyana built a new stelling on the island in 2005.</p><br>
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<p>The New Philadelphia Town Site is the original site of the now-vanished town of "New Philadelphia", Illinois. It is located near the city of Barry, in Pike County. Founded in 1836, it was the first town in the United States platted and registered by an African American before the American Civil War. The founder Free Frank McWorter was a former slave who was able to save money from work and his own business to purchase the freedom of his wife, himself and 13 members of his family in Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The town site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Free Frank McWorter moved to Illinois in 1830 with his family and founded a town which he thought would benefit from the commerce along the planned Illinois and Michigan Canal. The original town plan consisted of 144 lots in a 12 x 12 square, including 22 crisscrossing named streets. McWorter officially registered his town with government authorities and sold the lots. The town was integrated, albeit with some typical 19th-century segregated facilities, such as cemeteries. There was one integrated public school.</p><br>
<p>McWorter lived there for the remainder of his life. He made brief visits to Kentucky to purchase freedom for much of the remainder of his family.</p><br>
<p>McWorter died in 1854. Before the Civil War, New Philadelphia had become one of the stations along the Underground Railroad for shepherding escaped slaves to Canada. With emancipation, more settlers arrived in New Philadelphia. Its population peaked at close to 160 shortly after 1865.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, the Hannibal and Naples Railroad was built. It bypassed the town on the north; a station was built in nearby Barry, soon to be followed by transit and commerce. New Philadelphia rapidly declined in population thereafter. A small number of residents turned to farming a portion of the former townsite. Such changes and abandonment were not unusual for USA small towns in the late 19th century, especially those bypassed by changing transportation facilities.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 a portion of the town was legally dissolved. It reverted to farmland. Modern archaeological studies have indicated the area was inhabited through the 1920s. By the late 20th century, all vestiges of New Philadelphia had vanished save fragments of glass and pottery, and traces of the town&#39;s gravel streets.</p><br>
<p>The town site was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 11, 2005</p><br>
<h2>Since 2000</h2><br>
<p>In 2003, a three-year excavation began with a US$226,500 grant from the National Science Foundation. It was coordinated by Dr. Paul A. Shackel, the lead at University of Maryland, College Park, with participation by scholars from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. By 2006, the archaeology team had surveyed 14 of the 144 lots.</p><br>
<p>In August 2005, the town site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Christopher C. Fennell of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign led the summer excavation team under a new grant.</p><br>
<p>In June 2008, the Public Broadcasting Service filmed material at the dig, which was released as an episode of Time Team America.</p><br>
<p>In January 2009 the town site was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>In June 2010, Aaron Schock, a US Representative from Illinois, introduced bipartisan legislation to direct the Department of Interior to study the New Philadelphia townsite for possible designation as a National Park. If approved, it would be the first such park in Illinois.</p><br>
<p>On February 28, 2013, Schock introduced the legislation again (the New Philadelphia, Illinois, Study Act (H.R. 930; 113th Congress)) after its failure to become law in any previous Congress.</p><br>
<p>Cormet de Roselend  is a high mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Savoie in France.</p><br>
<p>It connects Beaufort in the Beaufortain valley and Bourg-Saint-Maurice in the Tarentaise Valley. On the west side of the pass lies the Lac de Roselend, a reservoir that can be reached by the Col de Méraillet or the Col du Pré.</p><br>
<h2>Details of climb</h2><br>
<p>On the north-western side, starting from Beaufort, the climb is 20.3 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 1227 m. (an average percentage of 6.0%), with the steepest sections at 10.0%.</p><br>
<p>From Bourg-Saint-Maurice to the south-east, the Cormet de Roselend is 19.35 km long. Over this distance, the climb is 1154 m. (an average percentage of 6.0%), with the steepest sections at 8.9%.</p><br>
<h2>Appearances in Tour de France</h2><br>
<p>The pass was first included in the Tour de France in 1979 and has since featured 9 times, most recently in stage 17 of the 2009 Tour de France.</p><br>
<p>Pittsfield East School is located in Pittsfield, Illinois, Pike County, United States. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The East Ward School, built between 1861 and 1866, was designed by architect John M. Van Osdel, who also designed the Palmer House in Chicago, as well as the Governor&#39;s Mansion in Springfield. John Houston of Griggsville built the school for the contract price of $35,000, which was financed by bonding. The building is stone (boated from Joliet on the Illinois river) and brick burned in Pittsfield. Both the grade school and high school were located in this building. Its large clock and bell were donated by Colonel Ross and mounted in the tower. The school closed in 1955 and was unoccupied until 1978 when it was renovated and became the home of the Pike County Historical Society and the Pike County Historic Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Pike County Historical Society Museum</h2><br>
<p>Today the building houses the Pike County Historical Society Museum, with artifacts and exhibits of local history.</p><br>
<p>The Society also owns and provides tours of the John Shastid House.</p><br>
<p>Pittsfield Historic District is a historic district in Pittsfield, Illinois, the county seat of Pike County. The district is centered on the Pike County Courthouse and the surrounding courthouse square; it also encompasses nearby residential areas. The courthouse was built in 1894-95; architect Henry Elliott based its Romanesque design off his earlier design for the Edgar County, Illinois, courthouse. The districts historic commercial buildings are mostly located on the courthouse square, which surrounds the courthouse; these buildings are mainly two-story brick structures. The Italianate and Queen Anne styles are prevalent among the districts houses, with the former being the most prominent; the Greek Revival and Federal styles are also common in the district&#39;s earlier homes.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 4, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Lyman Scott House is a historic house located on USA Route 54 in Summer Hill, Pike County, Illinois. The house was built in 1844 by Lyman Scott, who founded Summer Hill the following year. Scott, an early Pike County settler who also founded Rockport, built the house as a summer home for his family. The two-story post and beam house features a front porch over its two front entrances; a gabled dormer was added to the porch in 1870. Scott, a prominent local merchant, also founded and funded Summer Hill&#39;s first school. Scott also served as a representative to the International Peace Conference in 1850. In 1853, Scott moved to Kansas, where he served in the state legislature. The house is the oldest surviving building in Summer Hill.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 10, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Griggsville Landing Lime Kiln is located near village of Valley City, Illinois in Pike County. The periodic lime kiln is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, a designation it gained in August 1999. It is actually within the boundaries of the Ray Norbut State Fish and Wildlife Area. The kiln represents an example of an 1850s lime kiln, one of the best-preserved examples of such a kiln. In its heyday the kiln&#39;s raw product would have been quicklime. The kiln is one of twelve Pike County sites included in the National Register of Historic Places. Some other examples are the Lyman Scott House, in Summer Hill and the New Philadelphia Town Site, somewhere near Barry, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Griggsville Landing</h2><br>
<p>The lime kiln is about one quarter mile north of a town site once known as Griggsville Landing. The Landing was a steamboat stop on the Illinois River, which started in the 1830s. It was home to a warehouse, a boat yard, hotel and a grist mill. The lime kiln here is a remnant of a commercial operation that would have flourished when the steamboat stop at Griggsville Landing was operational. Such commercial operations involving lime would become impossible after the American Civil War as the lime industry became the target of industrial intensification.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Griggsville Landing Lime Kiln is one of the best-preserved periodic lime kilns found in the USA state of Illinois. When it was built is unknown but it has been established that it is likely it was constructed in the mid-1850s. Local traditions hold that the Griggsville Landing kiln was used by English stonemason William Hobson. It is said Hobson used the kiln in conjunction with the construction of homes, barns and stone arch bridges in the area during the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Kiln technology</h2><br>
<p>The kiln at Griggsville Landing is known as a periodic kiln. The periodic kiln is an older technology which was used in the United States mostly before the Civil War. The technology utilized at Griggsville Landing, however, is far superior to the so-called heap kilns used in lime production.</p><br>
<h3>Heap kilns</h3><br>
<p>A heap kiln is a fairly simple kiln. It is made by stacking alternating layers of wood, for fuel, and limestone blocks on the ground or in a pit. The method is fast but highly inefficient. Despite these drawbacks, the heap kiln was used as means of lime production in association with land clearing operations. Heap kilns inherent flaw lies in the impossibility of burn-quality control in the log heaps. The product that resulted from this method of lime production was often of variable quality and used for little other than fertilizer. Heap kilns were being replaced in the more urban parts of the country as early as 1818.</p><br>
<h3>Periodic kilns</h3><br>
<p>The heap kiln went by the wayside as the periodic kiln came into vogue. Periodic kilns are much more efficient than the log heap kiln that preceded them. The most efficient type of periodic kiln is a stone or brick walled vertical kiln. This walled vertical kiln is what appears at Griggsville Landing. The specific kiln at Griggsville has an opening at the base and at the top, with walls nearly three feet thick. The appearance of the walls of the Griggsville Landing Kiln suggests that they were either dry laid or laid with a mud mortar that has since been dusted away by time. The walls of the vertical kiln at Griggsville Landing rise 17 feet above the forest floor and the inside has a diameter of 13 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Other lime kilns</h2><br>
<p>The Griggsville Landing Lime Kiln is one of only a few old lime kilns preserved across the state of Illinois. Some examples can be found in such places as, Maeystown, where a periodic vertical kiln remains, Kankakee River State Park in Will County, where pieces of an old lime kiln lie in an old limestone quarry. Other kilns can be found in Ogle County, near Polo, where a stone kiln remains, a poorly preserved vertical kiln in Port Byron and a well-preserved kiln in Cordova, Illinois.</p><br>
<p>Millstone Bluff is a natural bluff in Pope County, Illinois, United States, located near the community of Glendale. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its archaeological significance, Millstone Bluff is one of three National Register sites in Pope County, along with the Golconda Historic District and part of the Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The bluff is home to a prehistoric Native American settlement used by Mississippian cultures. The settlement site is little more than depressions sitting atop the bluff, which lies within the Shawnee National Forest. The United States Forest Service controls an interpretive trail to the site. Aside from the remains of the Mississippian settlement, the bluff contains a prehistoric stone box cemetery, a rock art site, and a Late Woodland stone fort.</p><br>
<p>Petroglyphs at this site include two thunderbirds, pipes, axes, a spider-like creature, turkey tracks, a humanoid form, and the cross and circle motif common to other petroglyph sites in southern Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Central Railroad Depot is a former Illinois Central Railroad station located at the intersection of Central Ave. and Ullin Ave. in Ullin, Illinois. Illinois Central service to Ullin began in 1854, and two stations were constructed in 1854 and 1863, both of which were later demolished. The existing station was built in 1897. The station provided freight and passenger rail service to Ullin; the freight trains exported limestone and lumber from the village. In addition, the depot served as Ullins telegraph station, as the areas telegraph lines followed the Illinois Central tracks. Passenger service to the station ended in 1967, and the station moved to a new location in 1972. It was moved back to its original site in 1997 and became Ullin&#39;s village hall and library in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Cape Grim is the northwestern point of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>It is the location of the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station which is operated by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in a joint programme with the CSIRO. The station was established in 1976 and has been operating ever since.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cape Grim isolated geographic location makes it unique. The next land mass directly west of Cape Grim is not Africa, but the southern tip of Argentina. Winds that make their way to Cape Grim from Antarctica and the Indian Ocean hit no significant land mass. Air pollution values collected at Cape Grim represent the closest representation attainable of a global average.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This headland was first charted and named Cape Grim by Matthew Flinders on 7 December 1798, as he sailed from the East in the Norfolk and found a long swell coming from the South-west, confirming for the first time that Van Diemen&#39;s Land was separated from the Australian mainland by a strait which he named Bass Strait.</p><br>
<p>In 1828 Victory Hill at Cape Grim was the site of the Cape Grim massacre of thirty aboriginal Tasmanians from the Pennemukeer band of the North West tribe by four shepherds in response to sheep being driven over the cliff six weeks earlier by the Peerapper band.</p><br>
<p>Quita Sueño Bank  is a reef formation of Colombia which was once claimed by the United States, located 110 km North-northeast of Providencia Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, James Jennett claimed the bank for the United States under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. In 1972 a treaty was signed (ratified in 1981) between the United States and Colombia which abandoned the USA claims to the reef. Unlike some islands included in the treaty which were ceded to Colombia, Quita Sueño Bank was regarded by the United States as having no emergent land and thus ineligible for the basis of a sovereignty claim. Rather than being ceded to any particular nation, the claim was simply abandoned with American fishing rights retained. Colombia, which had also made previous claims on the reef, considers the bank to be a part of its San Andres and Providencia Department.</p><br>
<p>In the northern part of the eastern reef is Quita Sueño Light. The location is named Cayo Quitasueño on the official nautical chart at 14&deg;28&prime;57.2298&Prime;N latitude, 81&deg;7&prime;39.7632&Prime;W longitude, but no emergent land is indicated around the lighthouse. The light is erected on top of a square platform. This lighthouse has originally been established by the United States in 1919. The current structure is from 1977. It is now called Faro Quitasueño Norte since in 2008, a second lighthouse Faro Quitasueño Sur was establishen in the southern part of the reef at 14&deg;09&prime;17&Prime;N latitude, 81&deg;9&prime;40&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>Nicaragua also had a claim to the bank. On November 19, 2012 the International Court of Justice in The Hague ruled the bank is a part of Colombia. The ICJ found that only one of the 54 features identified by Nicaragua in Quitasueño is an island at high tide and thus eligible for a sovereignty claim.</p><br>
<p>The Falzarego Pass   is a high mountain pass in the province of Belluno in Italy.</p><br>
<p>It mainly connects Andráz and Cortina d&#39;Ampezzo. From the pass, starts also SP24 (Strada provinciale del Passo di Valparola) directed northbound to Val Badia passing below Sas de Stria and through Valparola Pass.</p><br>
<p>The name Falza Rego means false king in ladin and refers to a king of the Fanes, who was supposedly turned to stone for betraying his people.</p><br>
<p>A gondola rises to the Lagazuoi (2762 m.), which was the object of heavy combat and mine warfare in World War I. The tunnel that the Italians built under the Austrian lines is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Maratona dles Dolomites</h2><br>
<p>The Falzarego Pass is one of the Dolomites mountain passes riders cross in the annual Maratona dles Dolomites single-day bicycle race. As riders proceed directly from the Falzarego Pass to the higher Valparola Pass the Falzarego is not counted as one of the canonical seven Maratona passes.</p><br>
<p>The Giau Pass    is a high mountain pass in the Dolomites in the province of Belluno in Italy. It connects Cortina d&#39;Ampezzo and Colle Santa Lucia.</p><br>
<p>It is located at the center of a vast mountain pasture at the foot of Nuvolau (2,574 m) and dellAverau (2,647 m) from which you can easily reach the Monte Pore (2,405 m). Impressive is the view west towards Colle Santa Lucia with the Pale di San Martino, Cime DAuta, Marmolada, Piz Boe and Setsass, just to the east towards the valley of Cortina d&#39;Ampezzo, with Tofane, Croda Rossa, Pomagagnon, Cristallo, Croda da Lago, etc.</p><br>
<h2>Accessibility and Territory</h2><br>
<p>Passo Giau is comprised in the territories of Colle Santa Lucia, San Vito di Cadore and Cortina d&#39;Ampezzo, in addition for a few hundred meters in the territory of Selva di Cadore. The road that goes up from Colle Santa Lucia has 29 tornanti and 3 tunnels for protection against avalanches, while the side towards Cortina is more easily passable. It is an interesting alternative to get to Cortina from Agordino area also because the road of Passo Giau, unlike the Passo Falzarego road is passable by trucks and coaches. However, despite the efforts made over the years, the winter season is often compromised by the avalanches that come down to block the uncovered parts of the road.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain Huts</h2><br>
<p>Rifugio Passo Giau (2236 m) - Colle Santa Lucia</p><br>
<p>Rirugio Da Aurelio (2175 m) - Colle Santa Lucia</p><br>
<p>Rifugio Fedare (2000 m) - Colle Santa Lucia</p><br>
<p>Malga Giau (1900 m) - San Vito di Cadore</p><br>
<h2>Maratona dles Dolomites bicycle race</h2><br>
<p>Since 1988 the Giau Pass is the sixth and steepest of seven Dolomites mountain passes riders cross in the annual Maratona dles Dolomites single-day bicycle race.</p><br>
<p>The Benjaminville Friends Meeting House and Burial Ground is a Friends Meeting House of the Religious Society of Friends , located north of the rural village of Holder in McLean County, Illinois. It was once the site of a now-defunct village called Benjaminville, founded in 1856 after Quakers settled the area. More Quakers followed, and the burial ground, then the current meeting house in 1874, were constructed. This site, listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places since 1983, is all that remains of that village.</p><br>
<p>The burial ground preceded the meeting house, as the site was home to another meeting house that was constructed in 1859. The Benjaminville Meeting House represents a well-constructed example of Quaker meeting house architecture and contains within its design many of the major elements associated with the style. It is unique in that it allowed both male and female friends to worship together in the same room. The burial ground, however, maintains a strict separation, not by gender but by religious affiliation; there are three sections, one for Quakers, one for non-Quakers, and one for distant relatives of both.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Benjaminville Friends Meeting House is located on a relatively elevated area of land east of Bloomington, Illinois, near the community of Holder. The land was originally flat, treeless prairie but today is designated mostly for agricultural use. The unincorporated community of Bentown is located nearby as well. To the east a large wind farm is being constructed within Arrowsmith Township. The building is the last extant structure in the now-defunct village of Benjaminville, Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>In 1859, three years after the first Quaker settlers arrived in the area, a meeting house was constructed on the site of the present-day Friends meeting house for US$1,000. Quakers continued to flow into the area through the 1860s and in 1874 the current Friends meeting house was constructed and it has seen little change since it was built. Some minor alterations have taken place, including the addition of a concrete porch to the entryway and a shed on the east (rear) facade. The shed was added around 1910 to serve as a storage space and a privy. The building became a social, political, and religious hub for the area Quakers and the site was visited by Friends from other meeting houses around the state. The building is no longer owned by a religious institution, though there are occasional services held there.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The Benjaminville Friends Meeting House is located on a 2.5 acre site planted with grass and native deciduous trees. The location is surrounded by crops and is well isolated from other nearby structures. The rectangular, balloon framed building is situated on an east-west axis, with its front facade facing west. The long side measures 42 ft (13 m) and the shorter gable ends of the building measure 32 ft (10 m). The buildings entrance is found on its south elevation and consists of dual doors which bisect the walls at the jambs. The Friends meeting house in Benjaminville is a typical example of traditional Quaker meeting houses. Elements common to Quaker meeting houses east of the Allegheny Mountains and found on the Benjaminville example are: plain, undecorated interiors, lack of stained glass, rectangular shaped log or frame construction, some type of partition within the interior space, an attached burial ground, exterior simplicity, separate mens and women&#39;s entrances, and the entryway location along the long wall.</p><br>
<p>The interior room, like the exterior, is oriented east-west. The most prominent decorative element inside is the hand graining detail on the wood surfaces. An elevated gallery lines the north wall facing the pews which are bisected by 3½ ft (1.1 m) tall, 5 in (13 cm) wide beaded board partition. The pews, partition, door, and window trim are all hand grained. The interior walls are covered with 6 in (15 cm) pine wainscotting. The original iron stoves have been replaced with oil-burning stoves, set into the original flues.</p><br>
<p>The building is considered a fine example of traditional Quaker architecture because it contains all of the elements found in the typical meeting house. However, the building does have one major difference on its interior when compared with most meeting houses. Traditionally, Quaker meeting houses had two rooms, divided by a movable partition, termed "shutters," meant to separate men from women during meetings; these shutters are noticeably absent on the Benjaminville Meeting House. The members of the meeting at the Benjaminville Meeting House were among "pioneers" within the Society of Friends in that they were one of the first seven groups to allow men and women to meet as one group of Friends. The room inside the Benjaminville building was simply divided with a waist-high partition as opposed to the movable wall.</p><br>
<p>While most Friends meeting houses were very plain in their designs and ornamentation, individual craftsmen were encouraged to be "guided by (their) own inner light" when working on building a meeting house. As such, the dominant decorative element on the Benjaminville building is fine hand graining on most of the interior wood surfaces. The decoration should not be seen as an affront to the traditional and typical Quaker style used in meeting houses. Instead it stands as a testament to the fact that the Society of Friends encouraged craftsmen to create as "the spirit moved them."</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was established soon after the original meeting house was built in 1859. Burial grounds were typical accompaniments to Friends meeting houses. While burial grounds were encouraged in the 1825 Quaker Rules of Discipline, the burial of non-Quakers in Quaker cemeteries was not. A newer section contains a mix of Quaker and non-Quaker descendants of those originally buried there.</p><br>
<p>Non-Quaker burials were originally confined to the northern section of the cemetery, the portion directly behind the meeting house. Members of the Society of Friends were buried in the middle portion of the cemetery, today surrounded by a loop in the gravel road that traverses the site. The most recent burials are found in the southernmost section of the cemetery, furthest from the meeting house. The entire burial ground is approximately 160 by, for a total area of 32,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Burials are oriented east-west. The burial ground covers most of the site&#39;s land and is planted with grass and trees. The surrounding land is predominantly of agricultural use but there are some nearby residences. To the east a wind farm is under construction.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Benjaminville Friends Meeting House is a particularly well-preserved example of a Quaker meeting house. For several years after 1874 the building was the focus of settlement in Benjaminville, a town one author described as "one of the strongest settlements of Friends that is to be found anywhere in the state" in 1879. The structure is of historical and architectural significance. As an example of the meeting house style used by the Society of Friends, the Benjaminville building is representative of an architectural type that remained virtually unchanged from the colonial American period through the 19th century. The Benjaminville Friends Meeting House and its burial ground were listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 13, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Tonetta Lake  is a freshwater lake located in the town of Southeast, New York, north of the village of Brewster. Lake Tonetta has the only public beach in Southeast, accessible to town residents and their guests. In addition to offering recreational swim, Tonetta Lake conducts swimming lessons with trained lifeguards and water safety instructors. Several hundred children register annually for swimming lessons.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the Town Board created the Tonetta Lake Advisory Committee to assist the Town in preserving and improving the quality of Lake Tonetta. The 73 acre lake&#39;s viability and recreational uses have been threatened due to invasive aquatic vegetation. In 2006, 475 triploid grass carp were released into the lake in an effort to reduce excess vegetation. Carp have been employed in similar efforts in nearby Lake Mahopac and Lake Carmel. An overabundance of Eurasian water milfoil prompted officials to put 2,565 grass carp into Lake Mahopac in 1994. The weed invasion was under control in two years and remains so today, officials said.</p><br>
<p>Gardena Pass  is a high mountain pass in the Dolomites of the South Tyrol in northeast Italy.</p><br>
<p>At an elevation of 2,136 m above sea level, the pass connects Sëlva in the Val Gardena on the west side with Corvara in the Val Badia. The road over it comprises part of the famous Sella Ring, in which four linked passes (Gardena, Sella, Pordoi, and Campolongo) encircle the spectacular Sella group. The route becomes busy with tourists, motorcyclists, and cyclists during the summer. There are tourist accommodations on the pass itself, and hikers visit the pass to access the dramatic Dolomite mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Pizes de Cir</h2><br>
<p>South of the pass in the direct vicinity, the mountain range Pizes de Cir with 2592 meter high peak the Gran Cir can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Maratona dles Dolomites</h2><br>
<p>The Gardena Pass is the fourth of seven Dolomite mountain passes which riders cross in the annual Maratona dles Dolomites single-day bicycle race.</p><br>
<h2>World Cup ski racing</h2><br>
<p>Men&#39;s World Cup alpine ski races are held annually in mid-December on both sides of the pass, with a downhill at Val Gardena and the classic Gran Risa giant slalom at Alta Badia.</p><br>
<p>Lake Afrera  is a hypersaline lake in northern Ethiopia. Located in Administrative Zone 2 of the Afar Region, it is one of the lakes of the Danakil Depression. According to its entry in Lakenet, it has a surface area of 100 km&sup2, although another source states the area is 12,500 hectares. An unconfirmed report gives its depth as 160 m; the lake is fed by underground streams.</p><br>
<p>It is also known as Lake Giulietti, the name Raimondo Franchetti bequeathed it, after the Italian explorer Giuseppe Maria Giulietti who was slain by Afars southwest of the lake. Another name for this body of water is Lake Egogi (or Egogi Bad), which is the name L.M. Nesbitt&#39;s Afar guide gave it when the Italian explorer became the first European to see it in 1928.</p><br>
<p>The single island in Lake Afrera, Franchetti Island (also known as "Deset"), located in the southern part of the lake, is considered the lowest-lying island in the world.</p><br>
<p>Unlike other saline lakes in Ethiopia (e.g., Lakes Abijatta, Shala, and Chitu), the pH of Lake Afrera is low and in the acidic range. Although little studied, a few species of fish are hosted by Lake Afrera, including two endemics: Danakilia franchettii (a cichlid) and Aphanius stiassnyae (syn. Lebias stiassnyae; a pupfish).</p><br>
<h2>Salt extraction</h2><br>
<p>Rock salt has been mined at Lake Afrera, and the surrounding part of the Afar Depression, for centuries. Lt. Lefebvre recorded some of the hazards of mining salt from the Depression, which he heard from one of the miners himself:</p><br>
<p>He said that this lake often changes its shape and place, which he expressed in these terms: the lake moves. Often, he added, on going to a place which the evening before was quite solid, you suddenly break through, and disappear in the abyss. But what is more frightful is the overflow of the waters: sometimes the lake rises like a mountain, and falls again into the plain like a deluge; entire caravans, men and beasts are engulphed. There are, however, precursory signs, of which mounted men only can take advantage, by flying at the utmost speed of the animals; occasionally some of them have thus escaped, and it is from them these terrible details are procured.</p><br>
<p>More recently, the Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Enterprise has established the existence of 290 million tons of salt at Lake Afrera alone. Some local companies used to produce salt from the lake by pumping the brine into artificial ponds for evaporation and subsequent precipitation.</p><br>
<p>Following the 2011 eruption of Nabro, the lake is contaminated with sulfuric acid, making the salt inedible.</p><br>
<p>Top Station is tourist destination in the Kannan Devan hills of Munnar. It is a part between the border of Idukki-Theni Districts in the state of Kerala and Tamil Nadu .Top Station is notable as the historic transshippment location for Kannan Devan tea delivered up here from Munnar and Madupatty by railway and then down by ropeway to Kottagudi. This area is popular for the rare Neelakurinji flowers. The Kurinjimala Sanctuary is nearby. Top Station is the western entrance to the planned Palani Hills National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Top Station was a transshipment point for delivery of tea from Munnar to Bodinayakkanur. Top Station derived its name from its being the upper terminus of the Kottagudi Aerial Ropeway. It was also the location of the terminal railway station on the Kundala Valley Railway, built in 1902 between Munnar, Kundalai and this low point in the crest of the hills above steep cliffs. A monorail goods carriage system was initially installed along this cart route. In 1908 the monorail was replaced by a 24 inch gauge railway. Kundalai is 12 km west from Top Station on the way from Munnar station. Some remains of Kundala Valley Railway can be seen at the Munnar Tea Museum.</p><br>
<p>Tea chests arriving at Top Station from the Kundalai Valley were transported by a ropeway from Top Station 5 km down hill to the south to Kottagudi, Tamil Nadu. The tea was then shipped 15 km by cart to Bodinayakkanur, then by rail to other places in India and ship to England. Elevation at top of Bodi ropeway was 1,911 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Top Station offers a panoramic view of the majestic Western Ghats and the valley of Theni district. Top Station is located in 10&deg;07&prime;24&Prime;N latitude, 77&deg;14&prime;02&Prime;E longitude Idukki district Kerala. Elevation is 1,880 m. It is 6.6 km southwest of the highest point on the old Kodaikanal-Cochin escape road at 2,260 m on the eastern shoulder of Vandaravu Peak, 10&deg;08&prime;58&Prime;N latitude, 77&deg;17&prime;19&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>The C. H. Moore Homestead, in Clinton, Illinois, is one of two Registered Historic Places in DeWitt County. The other, the Magill House, was added to the Register in 2003. The Moore House was added in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction was started on the C. H. Moore Homestead by John and Minerva Moore Bishop. Mr. Bishop was a prosperous grain and lumber dealer in Clinton. Work on the C. H. Moore Homestead was completed in 1867 after the Civil War had ended and life took on a more normal pattern. Soon after this, the Bishops lost their only child. After Minerva Bishop&#39;s death in the early 1880s, Mr. Bishop sold the house to his brother-in-law, Clifton H. Moore.</p><br>
<p>Moore, an educated man, was the first attorney to commence practice in Clinton, having hung out his shingle in 1841. He served as co-counsel with Abraham Lincoln on several cases heard in the DeWitt County circuit court, of which future United States Supreme Court justice David Davis was the presiding judge.</p><br>
<p>The west wing of the home was added in 1887 to house Mr. Moores vast collection of books. At the time of his death, he owned approximately 7,000 volumes, the largest collection of books in downstate Illinois. The two-story high library has a vaulted ceiling and stenciled walls. There are four-season windows on the upper level, and an iron railing around the suspended upper gallery. The furniture and paintings include many of the original Moore furnishings. Moores book collection was left to the city of Clinton upon his death and is now housed at the Vespasian Warner Public Library.</p><br>
<p>Moore lived in the house until his death in 1901. The house sat in disrepair for several decades until 1967 when it was purchased and restored by the newly formed DeWitt County Museum Association. The Apple &#39;N Pork festival, held annually the last full weekend in September, was first held in 1968 to help raise funds to restore and maintain the mansion.</p><br>
<h2>C.H. Moore Homestead Dewitt County Museum</h2><br>
<p>The C. H. Moore Homestead is the centerpiece of the Apple n Pork Festival. This festival is held annually on the last weekend of September and has become one of central Illinois largest festivals. The C.H. Moore Homestead DeWitt County Museum includes the restored Victorian mansion, original carriage barn, gardens, replica of an Indiana-style covered bridge, working blacksmith shop, three barns filled with antique farm equipment, tools, buggies, sleighs, autos, railroad items, and working telephone display.</p><br>
<p>Mount Guyot is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The mountain is named after Professor Arnold H. Guyot  of Princeton University, and is part of the Twin Range of the White Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mount Guyot is flanked to the northwest by South Twin Mountain, to the northeast by Mount Zealand, and to the south by Mount Bond. Guyot is on the northern boundary of the Pemigewasset Wilderness. The immediate area around the summit consists of high-altitude spruce-fir forest or krummholz.</p><br>
<p>The north face of Mount Guyot drains into the Little River, thence into the Ammonoosuc and Connecticut rivers, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut. The southeast face of Guyot drains into Jumping Brook, thence into the North Fork of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, thence into the Pemigewasset and Merrimack rivers, and into the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts. The southwest face of Guyot drains into the Franconia Branch of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170-mile (3,500-km) National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, runs along the ridges from South Twin to Zealand, crossing the summit of Guyot. Although well over 4,000 ft in height, the Appalachian Mountain Club doesn&#39;t consider Mount Guyot a "four-thousand footer" because it stands less than 200 ft above the col separating it from South Twin Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Magill House is a historic hotel located at 100 N. Center St. in Clinton, Illinois. Construction on the building began in 1872 and was completed in 1873. The hotel was built in order to entice the Illinois Central Railroad to move the headquarters of its Springfield Division to Clinton; the effort was successful, as the railroad moved to Clinton in the late 1870s. From its construction through the mid-20th century, the hotel was considered the finest in Clinton, and housed both Illinois Central employees and travelers on the railroad. The hotel transitioned to an apartment hotel in the 1970s, and after the late 1980s it declined and ultimately closed.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 2003. It is one of two properties on the National Register in DeWitt County, along with the C. H. Moore House.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Grove Lime Kiln is one of two old lime kilns in Illinois listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The other is the Griggsville Landing Lime Kiln in Pike County. Buffalo Grove Lime Kiln is located near the Ogle County city of Polo. When in use, the kiln would have produced raw quicklime. The lime kiln was added to the National Register in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Buffalo Grove Lime Kiln is found outside of the city of Polo, off Galena Trail Road. The kiln sits on the floor of a limestone quarry, a little over 1,400 ft from the road. Railroad tracks pass by within ten feet to the kilns south and Buffalo Creek is just over the railroad tracks. The quarrys limestone bluffs are set off to the north, behind the kiln.</p><br>
<h2>Characteristics</h2><br>
<h3>Kiln</h3><br>
<h3>Dimensions</h3><br>
<p>Inside the kiln the fire brick column extends 25 ft into the air and has an interior diameter of six feet. Below, at the kiln&#39;s base, is a four-foot section for cooling, below that are the draw outs. The handcut stone base is 16 ft square by 16 ft high. The dry shed is nine feet high by 12 ft wide and sits on a six-foot stone base.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After sitting idle for decades the Buffalo Grove Lime Kiln was acquired by the Polo Historical Society in 1985. They began clearing trees, brush and debris around the kiln. A restoration project began in 1992 at a cost of $10,000. The lime kiln at Buffalo Grove has had a long history that dates back even further than the lime kiln that stands on the site today.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1992 a restoration project began under the guidance of the Polo Historical Society and member Paul Graehling. The old, loose mortar had to be removed from around the stones and replaced. The replacement was a fifty percent mortar fifty percent cement mix, to preserve the restoration. The wooden upper portion of the kiln had deteriorated completely beyond repair and had to be entirely replaced. The top portion was constructed in sections off-site and then lifted into place using a crane. The whole structure was then topped with an aluminum roof to protect it from future deterioration. The attachment of the roof rendered the kiln inoperable, although, if it were removed the Buffalo Grove Lime Kiln would be fully functional and ready for lime production.</p><br>
<p>The lime house, attached to the kiln, was also fully restored. When the lime kiln was in use the small, attached room had served as a storage area but it had been gone since at least the 1930s. Using early historical photographs as references, the lime house was reconstructed atop a stone foundation. The lumber used to construct the new lime house was authentic late-19th century barn lumber. Atop, the lime house, like the kiln itself, an aluminum roof was placed.</p><br>
<p>The restoration was completed in 1993 at a final cost of around $10,000.</p><br>
<p>Polo Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge No. 197 is a historic Independent Order of Odd Fellows building located at 117 W. Mason St. in Polo, Illinois. The lodge was built in 1901-02 for Polo&#39;s chapter of the Odd Fellows, which was established in 1856; it was the fifth meeting place used by the chapter. Architects Charles Wyman Bradley and Frank A. Carpenter designed the building in the Classical Revival style. The brick building is divided into three bays, which are separated by brick pilasters on the upper floors. An egg-and-dart frame encircles the upper two stories. A parapet extends along the roofline; the parapet is topped by a corbelled pediment containing a medallion with the year of construction. The Odd Fellows met on the upper stories of the building until the 1990s; the first floor has historically been used as a storefront.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 6, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Manjampatti Valley is a 110.9 km&sup2; protected area in the eastern end of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park  in Tirupur District, Tamil Nadu, South India. It is a pristine drainage basin of shola and montane rain forest with high biodiversity recently threatened by illegal land clearing and cultivation.</p><br>
<h2>National Park</h2><br>
<p>Manjampatti Valley is the eastern core zone of the Indira Gandhi National Park (IGWS&NP) It is managed as a Ib-Wilderness Area: a large area of unmodified or slightly modified land, retaining its natural character and influence, without permanent or significant habitation, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural condition.</p><br>
<p>The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has divided the valley into 3 administrative areas: Thalinji beat 4290 ha, Manjampatti beat 3741.75 ha and Keelanavayal beat 3058.75 ha. Total=11,090.5 ha=110.905 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>To the east it adjoins the western ends of the Kodaikanal and Dindigul Forest Districts. These Forests will make up part of the new Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary and the proposed Palani Hills National Park. To the south and west it adjoins Munnar forest Division and Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Idukki District, Kerala. To the north it adjoins the north slope of the Amaravathy River basin in the 172.5050 km&sup2; Amaravathy Range of IGWS&NP. p. 2.</p><br>
<p>Some areas of the drainage basin are not included within the political boundaries of the national park, including the Kodaikanal Taluk villages of Kumbur, Mannavanur and Kilanavayal; Upper Palani Reserve Forest (Kilanavayal) and a 2 km wide strip of the east end of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. p. 180,</p><br>
<p>The IGWS&NP and the Kodaikanal and Dindigul Forest Districts are designated the Anaimalai Conservation Area, a two-year collaborative project of the Wildlife Institute of India and the USAD.A. Forest Service. Manjampatti Valley is under the protection of the Coimbatore Forest Office; Wildlife Warden-Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary A license is required for entry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Manjampatti derived its name from two Tamil words, manjal meaning yellow and patti meaning "cattle fold" or small village; there is a local opinion that it was so named because of endemic wild mango trees here.</p><br>
<p>Iron Age (1200-200 BC) Dolmens, consisting of a stone floor slab 3 to 5 feet long, 3 stone walls about 2 feet high, and a “roof” stone slab, found on at least 2 stony hilltops on the edges of the valley. and.the existence of unexpectedly large temple ruins in the isolated village of Thalinji, and the later (1559 - 1736) assignment of land by Madurai Nayak Dynasty kings to cultivators in the upper Palanis, indicate that there has been continuous interaction from prehistoric times to the present between plains people and the ethnic groups in these hills. Some groups relying on hunting and gathering partially retained their pre-civilizational lifestyle up to the last century.</p><br>
<p>The earliest known residents of the area are the Palaiyar (meaning "old ones", incorrectly translated as Paliyan), a Tamil-speaking tribal people, who have been seen in the past 35 years living in small caves in the valley. Historically close extended Palaiyar family groups foraged and hunted at least 128 forest species for subsistence. In the past century they increasingly depended on shifting cultivation and collection and trading of non timber forest products of over 60 species for: food (14), incense & toiletries (11) medicines (13), construction materials & precious woods (9) and miscellaneous (13) honey, tubers, fruits, herbs, flowers, bark, seeds, fibers, gum, leaves, logs and oils.</p><br>
<p>Since establishment of the IGWS&NP in 1976, Palaiyar trading was gradually but severely restricted. They are now allowed to collect only tamarind from one small area outside Manjampatti Valley. Their strong cultural ties to the area and traditional avoidance of outsiders keeps them attached to their forest habitat. They must now depend on intermittent plantation labor, primitive low yield cultivation in restricted areas, liaisons with forest product smugglers and poachers, government programs and charity.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>In 2002 there were 401 tribal persons living in three settlements within IGWS&NP boundaries in the valley. This is an average population density of 3.65 persons/km, 40% higher than the 2.6 persons/km living in all 36 tribal settlements in the entire 1769 km IGWS&NP. Their peaceful ancient culture in this area is increasingly fragmented as they assimilate modern Tamil customs and values. The villages have no link roads, no electricity (some solar lamps have been installed recently), no running water, no government school, no medical facilities and no shops.</p><br>
<p>In addition there are three villages within the valley watershed but outside the National Park boundaries: Mannavanur pop. 5,927, Kumbur pop. 500, and Kilanavayal 124 families.</p><br>
<h3>Thalinji</h3><br>
<p>Thalinji village at 533 m, near the bottom of the valley above the banks of the Ten Ar River, has about 150 houses (pop: m-168, f-155). Most of the people are Pulaiyar caste, early cultivators, but there are some Malaimarasar tribal people, who do agriculture and coolie work.</p><br>
<p>This place had some importance in medieval times, as there are mounds with 15th century ruins of a Vijayanagar Dynasty p. 267 Kondaiaman temple with a substantial temple tank, and numerous scattered stone carvings and broken statues of goddesses such as Kondaiamman and Mariamman and gods Ganesha, and Krishna, with some text inscriptions. The villagers say they know no history of the temple.</p><br>
<p>The village is a ward under the Manupatti Panchayat near the Amaraavathi dam, but the people have decided to not elect a representative. They do rely on the Forest Department for many kinds of assistance and advice. When the British created the Amaravathi Reserved Forest they allocated 200 acre to the village for cultivation. This was divided up among families by stone boundary markers, which still exist, but land titles were not given.</p><br>
<p>Thalinji people cultivate rice (monsoon crop) and butter beans and no other vegetables or crops. They keep a few cows, buffaloes, goats, and chickens. They are allowed to collect minor forest products for their own use, but not to sell. There is a one-room Anti-Poaching Camp used intermittently by forestry staff on their rounds. There is a school with a teacher posted, and a doctor is supposed to come every week but actually comes less than once a month. Men sometimes go out to work in sugarcane fields on the plains, and women go to work in the Manjampatti fields. Thalinji has no store or tea shop. The people do not integrate well in the modern society and economy, though they have accepted Photovoltaic powered home lighting devices from the District collector.</p><br>
<h3>Manjampatti</h3><br>
<p>Manjampatti village at 730 m, near the middle of the valley has 59 households with 191 persons (95 males and 96 females)</p><br>
<p>dispersed among its many agricultural fields located inside a bend of the Ten Ar just below its junction with the Kumbar and Manalaar streams.</p><br>
<p>It is ethnically more diverse than Talinji. Pulaiyar were the majority inhabitants of Manjampatti when the British gave land to the village for cultivation. About 15 families of Muthuvar, another "tribal" group, live in Manjampatti village where they do cultivation and labor work. Some Theivar people, a widespread plains agricultural jaathi (caste), came to live in Manjampatti long ago and engage in agriculture on the village lands. There are also a few houses of other plains jaathis such as Chakkliyar (originally leather-workers). Because of these jaathis, Manjampatti village has some features of plains Tamil villages such as eating of newer types of vegetables and having tea shops.</p><br>
<p>Manjampatti comes under the Mannavanur Panchayat and sends its Ward Member up to the monthly meetings. The people receive no benefit from the Panchayat, and prefer to rely on the Forest Department. Manjampatti falls under Kodaikanal Taluk office, and the people must travel far to Kodaikanal for official services such as getting a ration card. The ration items (rice, sugar, kerosene) are sent to an agent on the Amaravaathi-Munnar Road (SH 17) where the people go to collect them. The village has a small part-time general store selling cooking items and two part-time tea shops. There is a basic primary school of a type designed for tribal people, which is able to provide Transfer Certificates (TC) to students.</p><br>
<p>The village has a Moopan (headman), assisted by a group of elder men, who organizes activities such as maintaining irrigation channels and resolving disputes, but this position is not recognized in the Panchayat system. The Moopan can be of any caste, and serves as long as he has the confidence of the people. If someone commits a serious crime, the Moopan will turn the suspect over to the Forest Department, which will arrange for him to be detained by police on the plains.</p><br>
<p>Manjampatti was given land for cultivation when the Reserved Forest was created and the families have kept their respective fields marked with the original stone boundaries. Villagers earlier practiced shifting cultivation, growing millets such as raagi, thinai and kambu. Later the Forest Department forbade shifting cultivation and restricted cultivation to the allotted lands. The crops now are rice in rainy season and butter beans otherwise, though with a more diverse population a few vegetables such as eggplant and tomatoes are grown. Farmers here have to protect their crops from wild elephants, gaur, wild boar, deer and sometimes peacocks. A complex and well maintained system of small canals distributes water from the Manalar to irrigate the fields.</p><br>
<p>Muduvankudi is a neighboring village inhabited by Muduvar (Muthuvar), and is a 15-minute trek from Manjampatti.</p><br>
<h3>Mungilpallam</h3><br>
<p>There are 24 Muduvan and Paliyan families living there. They were said to have migrated from Manjampatti 200 years ago because of their fear of herds of wild elephants. They originally lived in caves. They eat wild roots, maize, fruits from wild plants, honey and bamboo rice. Their limited income comes from selling bamboo products and lemon grass oil, which they spend to buy rice from other villages. These people are nature worshippers. They do not worship regularly or have a particular place of worship but have a sacred area in their village. They visit this area to celebrate the harvest festival Pongal and the rain (Mari) festival, during which they sacrifice a goat.</p><br>
<p>They believe that diseases are manifestations of punishment inflicted by God. Till recently they only took native medicines. A witch doctor from the community was summoned for assessment and further treatment of serious illness. If the witch doctor’s said the patient would die, food and medicines were withdrawn and the patient kept in a small hut away other until he or she died. In 2005, more than 50% of the children here suffered from severe chronic malnutrition.</p><br>
<p>Since 1995, a registered Christian charity "Tribal Education and Medicare Vision" (Team Vision) has assisted the villagers to get identity cards and ration cards from the Revenue Department and Civil Supplies Department. Also, corrugated steel sheets were provided for home roofing. 18 new huts were erected in a new location in 1999. The Forest Department helped the villagers lay stones on the tortuous way to the village. They also erected two solar lamps. A kindergarten school was started and 20 children were enrolled in 1998. In 2005, 9 children from Mungilpallam were attending elementary and secondary school in Kodaikanal.</p><br>
<p>Maangapaarai is another remote settlement and highly inaccessible because of bison attacks.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This Valley forms the southeast part of Anaimalai Reserve Forest, in Udumalaipettai Block, Coimbatore District, about 13 km south of Amaravathi Reservoir and Dam on SH 17 and 30 km West of Kodaikanal at the western border of Dindigul District in the Palni Hills of the Western Ghats mountain range.</p><br>
<p>Central location is. Elevation ranges from</p><br>
<p>2,327 m at Vellari Malai peak towering over the valley</p><br>
<p>1,725 m at Kumbur village on eastern ridge (outside IGWSNP)</p><br>
<p>1,640 m at Mannavanur village sitting to the south east on a small plateau overlooking the valley (outside IGWSNP)</p><br>
<p>675 m at Alanthoni Falls, 20 m tall, on Ten Ar River west of Manjampatti Village</p><br>
<p>473 m lowest point in the valley at the Amaravathi River</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The valley is surrounded by a ridgeline connecting several prominent peaks listed in order clockwise from the northwest corner. Starting at the Amaravathy River the ridge climbs to</p><br>
<p>Tavatti Malai 943 m</p><br>
<p>Unnamed 1,700 m</p><br>
<p>Chinna Mudi Malai 1,836 m</p><br>
<p>Mudian Malai 1,836 m,</p><br>
<p>Unnamed 1,793 m</p><br>
<p>Pappalamman Malai 2,201 m</p><br>
<p>Vellari Malai 2,219 m</p><br>
<p>Unnamed at Kilanavayal 2,350 m</p><br>
<p>Paratumba 2,260 m</p><br>
<p>Kalabhaathur Malai 2,066 m</p><br>
<p>Kadavaari 2,112 m</p><br>
<p>Vellingiri Malai 1,769 m</p><br>
<p>Jambu Malai 1,395 m</p><br>
<p>Palappatti 1,357 m.</p><br>
<p>From here the ridge drops to the Amaravathi River.</p><br>
<p>The western ridge of Manjampatti Valley extends 2 km into the easternmost area of Idukki District, Kerala and adjoins the 90 km Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary.</p><br>
<h2>Rivers</h2><br>
<p>The Manjampatti Valley catchment basin drains into the Chinnar River from the Athioda Stream and to the Amaravathi River from the Kajadaikatti Odai Ar and Ten Ar Rivers 2 km to the east.</p><br>
<p>Athioda is the north to south political and physical boundary for 1.584 mi between Tamil Nadu and Kerala between the end of the Pambar River and the top of Jambumalai peak at the trijunction of Coimbatore and Dindugul Districts and Kerala State. (This peak is locally known as Chinna Chambu Malai). The top of the ridge to the west above Athioda is the western limit of the catchment. Thus, the western edge of Manjampatti valley extends up to 2 km into Kerala. Athioda stream joins the Pambar River at the point they both join the Chinnar River at the north west corner of the Valley. West of this point, the Chinnar River forms the boundary between the Indira Gandhi National Park in Tamil Nadu and the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. East of this point, the Chinnar river becomes the Amaravati River in Tamil Nadu.</p><br>
<p>The Ten Ar River is fed from most of the valley by the Kumbar stream, the Manalaar River ("sand river"), the Kalyanivalasu Odai and other smaller tributaries from the higher forests and sholas to the east. At the northwest end of the valley, the Ten Ar is joined by the Varavandi Odai stream flowing from a smaller adjacent valley to the east and soon joins the Amaravati River.8 km down stream to the west. The Amaravati River then flows north to the Amaravathi Reservoir and Dam and then to the Cauvery River.</p><br>
<p>The Kudiraiyar River basin, including Kukkal village, is just over the northeast ridge of the valley behind Vellari Malai.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Manjampatti Valley currently supports stable breeding populations of several large mammal species including apex predators critical to healthy populations of smaller animals.</p><br>
<p>In colonial times Indian tigers (Tamil: puli) were common in this area and as recently as the 1950s the Raja of Puthukkottai would go out from his house in Kodaikanal and hunt them. At least one tiger has been shot here within the past fifty five years. Two tigers, a male and a female, were sighted and recorded in the 2007 wildlife census. Tiger populations in the adjoining areas of IGWS&NP and the nearby Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve could expand back into this area if they and their prey species were better protected.</p><br>
<p>The census estimated 10 to 20 panthers (Tamil: sirutthai) living in the Manjampatti Valley. Wild Indian elephants roam over the whole valley. Sloth bears (Tamil: karadi) are sighted every year in the upper forests of Manjampatti valley. Nilgiri tahr (Tamil: varaiaadu) live especially on the spectacular high rocky peaks around the valley, as Mudimalai, Jambumalai, and Attumalai, though they may also be seen in the valley forests. There are several herds of gaur (popularly called bison) (Tamil: kaattu erumai, "forest buffalo") in the valley. Earlier the area was well known for Manjampatti white bison. This possible sub-species has recently been seen and photographed here by Forest Department staff.</p><br>
<p>Wild boar (Tamil: kaattu panri) live all over the Palani Hills and in Manjampatti Valley, where one can frequently see holes in the ground where they have dug for edible roots. The valley has the large mountain squirrel (Tamil: malai-anil) and the ash-colored squirrel (Tamil: saambalnira anil).</p><br>
<p>There are wild peacocks, jungle fowl, and many other bird species enumerated in the Wildlife Census.</p><br>
<p>There are no known studies of the many reptiles, amphibians, insects, invertebrates or plants living in the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor information</h2><br>
<p>Manjampatti valley is a core zone of the Indira Gandhi National Park. Tourism, hiking, camping and non-resident visitation of the villages is prohibited. A permit is required for serious researchers to work inside the valley.</p><br>
<p>There is a well laid-out park nearby at the Amaravathi Dam where one may climb steep steps on the dam to have a picturesque view north of the plains below and south to the Anaimalai Hills, Manjampatti Valley and Palni Hills above. This place is being developed as a District Excursion Centre for tourism.</p><br>
<p>The park and adjacent crocodile farm are open every day from 9.00 A.M. to 6.00 P.M. Entry fees are 0.50 paise per adult and 0.25 paise per child (below 12 years).</p><br>
<p>Travel by road From Coimbatore – via Pollachi and Udumalpet to Amaravathynagar is 96 km.</p><br>
<p>Accommodation is available for four persons, with advance reservation, at a forest rest house near the crocodile farm. Rent is Rs.150 per day for two persons per suite.</p><br>
<p>The Sarakupatti Watchtower is a small bare concrete room on an 8 m tower where one can go and wait to see animals. It has a fine view of the whole valley. It is located 1/2 km east of SH-17, 1/2 km north of Chinnar River checkpoint. It is available for overnight lodging. Advance booking is required.</p><br>
<p>Contact:</p><br>
<p>Forest Range Officer, Amaravathy Range, Amaravathy nagar, Ph. No. 94434 96413</p><br>
<p>Wildlife Warden, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, 365/1 Meenkarai Road, Pollachi-1, Ph. No. 04259 225356, Email: IGWLSNPPOY@rediffmail.com</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Mars Hill is a mountain located in Mars Hill, Maine, and gave the town its name.</p><br>
<p>The mountain plays an important role in the Mars Hill community, and overlooks the Saint John Valley, in which Mars Hill is located. Mount Katahdin is visible from the top of Mars Hill over 85 miles (135 km) away. Mars Hill also has a ski area, called Big Rock Ski Area.</p><br>
<p>By virtue of its height and Northeast location, the summit of Mars Hill is the first place in the United States to see the sun rise for nearly half the year, from March 25 to September 18. The first 50-star flag to see the sun in the USA was raised on July 4, 1960 at 4:33 AM. Fifty national guardsmen gave it a 50-gun salute.</p><br>
<h2>Wind farm</h2><br>
<p>Mars Hill underwent an $85 million wind power project in the fall of 2006. First Wind installed 28 General Electric 1.5 megawatt turbines along the top and northern sections of the mountain. With a capacity factor of 35%, the wind</p><br>
<p>farm generates about 130 million kilowatt hours (kW·h) per year (15 MW·yr/yr).</p><br>
<p>The wind turbines are assembled in multiple parts. The towers, which are composed of three support sections stacked one on top of another with a combined weight of 20,000 pounds, are 262 ft (80 m) tall. The three blades (together, a rotor) attached to the hub of the turbine each span approximately 115 ft (37.5 m), for a rotor diameter of approximately 250 feet — comparable to the wingspan of a Boeing 747 jet-liner.</p><br>
<p>The John McGrath House is a Registered Historic Place in the Ogle County, Illinois city of Polo. It is one of six overall sites and three homes in Polo listed on the Register. The other two homes listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Polo are the Henry D. Barber House and the Bryant H. and Lucie Barber House. The McGrath House joined the Register in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The wood John McGrath House stands on a limestone foundation and has an asphalt roof. Erected in 1896, the house was constructed by builder C.A. Stone and designed by George W. McBride. The McGrath House is a significant example of Queen Anne style architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The John McGrath House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1996 for its significance in the area of architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Public Library is located in Oregon, Illinois, United States, the county seat of Ogle County. The building is a public library that was constructed in 1909. Prior to 1909, Oregons library was housed in different buildings, none of which were designed to house a library. The library was built using a grant from wealthy philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. The grant was obtained after Oregons citizens voted to change Oregon&#39;s library from a city library to a township library. The building was completed by 1908 but the library did not begin operation until 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Library was designed by Chicago architects Pond and Pond. The Ponds were members of the Eagles Nest Art Colony, founded by Lorado Taft, and their association with Taft and the colony led them to design the library. Their design was influenced by the colony, and a combination of two architectural styles, Classical Revival and the Arts and Crafts movement. The completed library included a second floor art gallery to which members of Eagles Nest donated works for a permanent collection. The gallery&#39;s collection includes 64 paintings and sculptures as well as a Currier and Ives lithograph collection appraised at US$700,000. The Oregon Public Library was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2003, three years later it was included as a contributing property in a historic district that received the National Register designation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>While the library building dates to the early 20th century the move toward intellectual outreach in Oregon started years before. The first Oregon library was organized in 1872, though it had no building of its own. Before the library had its own building, library books were stored in a drug store and then in the County Treasurers office. Eventually the Oregon Library occupied rented office space in the First National Bank building. This situation persisted until 1905 when Oregon voters voiced their collective opinion on the librarys future.</p><br>
<p>The citizens of Oregon were faced with a dilemma in 1905: either allow Oregons library to remain, truly, Oregons city library, or, by referendum, allow Oregons library to make the shift into a township library. This change would allow the library one distinct advantage; it would qualify the library for a grant from Andrew Carnegie for the construction of a new building. Initially, Carnegie promised US$7,000 for the new library but once voters approved the change the grant amount was increased to $10,000. The grant, aside from requiring the library to hold "township library" status, required a site to be selected prior to the grant application process; a site, at the corner of Oregons Jefferson and Third Streets, was selected.</p><br>
<h2>Art gallery</h2><br>
<h3>Eagle's Nest influence</h3><br>
<p>The art colony at Eagles Nest was populated by Chicago artists, all members of the Chicago Art Institute or the University of Chicago art department, who gathered in Ogle County to escape the summer heat of Chicago. Two of the charter members of the art colony were the Chicago architects, Allen and Irving Kane Pond, who designed the Oregon Public Library building. It was the Ponds association with the Eagle&#39;s Nest Art Colony that led them to design the library.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed after the Carnegie grant approval, and its first use came in October 1908 by Leon A. Malkielski, a colony member, for an exhibition of 100 paintings. The library proper did not begin providing its services until 1909. The colony tried to contribute to area culture by requiring its members to hold art shows, lectures, and other exhibitions throughout the early 20th century. With the library complete it began to play a role in those exhibitions. Hamlin Garland, a 1921 Pulitzer Prize recipient for literature, spoke at the Oregon library while he was a member of the Eagle&#39;s Nest Colony.</p><br>
<h3>Collections</h3><br>
<p>The gallery on the second floor of the library building was not formally dedicated until July 4, 1918.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the substantial historical art collection held by the library gallery the collection consists of works by local artists. One Oregon resident has donated artwork from the annual Grand Detour Art Show regularly. Other area residents have donated pieces as well. In all, the library holds about 30 contemporary works by local artists.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The library is designed with an eye toward late 19th century and early 20th century movements in architecture. While it contains many elements common to Classical Revival architecture the building&#39;s asymmetry and playfully creative style are distinctly characteristic of the Arts and Crafts Movement. The building was designed by the Chicago architectural firm of Pond and Pond and is constructed of buff colored brick. Red brick belt coursing and accents contrast the buff colored brick on the majority of the facade. The two-story Oregon Public Library has a full brick basement and approximately 5,500 foot² (511 m²) of floor space.</p><br>
<p>The building, though based on Classical architecture is not entirely a Classical building. Its rooflines, main entrance, and the placement and style of the windows are all asymmetrical in nature, a hallmark of the Arts and Crafts style. Its simple massing and noticeable lack of ornamentation throughout the structure connects the building closely to the Arts and Crafts movement. This influence is seen most prominently on the building&#39;s interior.</p><br>
<p>Though Arts and Crafts is specifically regarded as a movement within architecture, as opposed to a full-blown style, there are elements that are considered typical to buildings designed in the style. Examples include, dark, heavy woodwork and very simple ornamentation. The Oregon Public Library contains functional elements associated with that movement. Dark woodwork is found throughout the building, first in the stairwell to the gallery and its balusters and newel posts and then in the four-panel wooden interior door. The ceilings are coffered and have exposed wooden beams. Also located in the interior is a large 1909 wooden floor clock, a built-in storage cabinet, and two wooden fuse boxes that all evoke the Arts and Crafts movement.</p><br>
<p>The building does demonstrate elements of Classical Revival architecture but they are minimal and concentrated around the front entrance. Below the front entrance hood there are two stone pilasters and a stone lintel, as well as relief work adorning the pediment; leading to the front entrance are seven concrete stairs. The entire entry facade is a gable-front, temple style design and on the library&#39;s east wing there are stone-capped modified buttresses. Each of these elements demonstrates the Classical Revival style.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Oregon Public Library was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 2003 for its architectural and educational significance. The building represents a good example of the Arts and Crafts movement in architecture. As a Carnegie library, the Oregon Public Library satisfied the requirements laid out for listing on the National Register in the Illinois Carnegie Libraries Multiple Property Submission. The library building is considered the most "outstanding" of the Craftsman or Arts and Crafts buildings within the historic district boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Commercial Historic District is a historic district in Oregon, Illinois, that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2006. The district is roughly bordered by Jefferson, Franklin, 5th and 3rd Streets in Oregon. It is one of six Oregon sites listed on the National Register and one of three to be so listed since the turn of the 21st century. The other two are the Oregon Public Library, listed in 2003, and the Chana School, listed in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment history</h2><br>
<p>The Oregon Commercial Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 16, 2006. The National Register of Historic Places Registration form was dated July 12, 2006 and was completed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The boundaries for the district are roughly encompassed by Jefferson Street on the south, Franklin Street on the north, and 3rd and 5th Street on the east and west. The grounds cover 30 acre and include 62 buildings and objects. Of those, 51 are contributing properties, 44 buildings, two structures and five objects. Another eleven buildings are considered non-contributing to the overall general historical character of the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 44 buildings, five objects and two structures that make up the contributing properties of the historic district represent a wide range of architectural styles and uses. Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Queen Anne, Art Nouveau, Art Deco and the Arts and Crafts Movement, and other styles and movements, have all had their influences on the collection of mostly low level commercial architecture in the district.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>Of the numerous buildings two of them are listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places. They are the Arts and Crafts Oregon Public Library and the Romanesque Revival Ogle County Courthouse. The buildings are a mix of commercial, government and private residence usage, mostly some apartments on the upper floors of some buildings. Aside from buildings other sites are included, such as, cannons, a drinking fountain, sculptures and a well house.</p><br>
<h3>F.G. Jones Block</h3><br>
<p>This two-story Italianate structure is attached to two other historically significant buildings at the corner of Washington and Third Streets in Oregon. It is the most ornately detailed of the three.</p><br>
<h3>Jacobs Block</h3><br>
<p>The three-story Italianate Jacobs Block was known also as the National Clothing House. The structure was built sometime around 1870 and the aluminum awning was added in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>Masonic Temple Lodge No. 420</h3><br>
<p>This three story yellow brick building is in the 100 Block of South Fourth Street. Its exterior is decorated with ivory brick detailing and it sports a three globe milk glass sign over the door on its second story.</p><br>
<h3>Old Ogle County Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The Romanesque Revival Ogle County Courthouse stands in the middle of a large public square. Though no longer the county&#39;s primary judiciary center some county office still occupy the first two floors. The building was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey and constructed in 1891.</p><br>
<h3>Oregon City Hall</h3><br>
<p>The Oregon City Hall was constructed in 1920, though its front facade, specifically the windows, have seen some renovations and replacement. The building is still home to the city government in Oregon, Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>Oregon Coliseum</h3><br>
<p>The Oregon Coliseum stands on the corner of Fourth Street and Franklin Street on the north end of the historic district. The largely stucco exterior is heavily influenced by Art Deco style.</p><br>
<h3>Oregon Public Library</h3><br>
<p>The design of the Oregon Public Library is a product of the Arts and Crafts Movement. Its second story includes an art gallery which displays works from its permanent collection which includes donated works created by Lorado Taft and Nathaniel Currier.</p><br>
<h3>Oregon Theater</h3><br>
<p>This 1910 theater building started as the Star Theater and was later the Oregon Theater. The facade was re-clad around 1940. Though now converted for commercial use the building still features its marquee with "OREGON" written on it in large neon letters.</p><br>
<h3>Other notable structures</h3><br>
<p>125 S. Fourth St.</p><br>
<p>300 Washington St.</p><br>
<p>302 Washington St.</p><br>
<p>Iron Mike</p><br>
<p>F.G. Jones Block</p><br>
<p>Oregon State Savings Bank Building</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office</p><br>
<h3>Rock River Hotel</h3><br>
<p>This traditional I-house structure was built around the beginning of the American Civil War and began its history as a private residence. Later it was converted into the Rock River Hotel and then later the Blackhawk Hotel. Oregon once had three historic hotel buildings, the Rock River Hotel is the last of those standing.</p><br>
<h3>Schiller Piano Company</h3><br>
<p>Historically Ogle County&#39;s largest employer the Schiller Piano Company building is a 120,000 ft&sup2; industrial building on the northern end of the district. Its iron water tower base still stands in the northwest section of the lot. Both separately contribute to the integrity of the historic district.</p><br>
<h3>T. Goings Building</h3><br>
<p>The two-story Italianate T. Goings Building stands out because of wooden pediment over the brick parapet which is emblazoned with the name "T. Goings". The building was constructed of red brick in 1895.</p><br>
<h3>The Soldiers' Monument</h3><br>
<p>The Soldiers&#39; Monument is located on the courthouse square. It features three sculptures by Lorado Taft and an exedra designed by the architects Allen and Iriving Pond. It was originally dedicated to Ogle County veterans of the Civil and Spanish–American Wars, later World War I veterans were added.</p><br>
<h3>Union Block Opera House</h3><br>
<p>The three-story structure known as the Union Block, or Hall, Opera House is a Romanesque Revival influenced building constructed around 1880.</p><br>
<h3>Unity Building</h3><br>
<p>The Unity Building is an ornate Queen Anne commercial building. It has a large second story oriel which causes it to stand out from the surrounding buildings which are designed in a more sedate Classical Revival and Italianate styles.</p><br>
<p>The Ogle County Courthouse is a National Register of Historic Places listing in the Ogle County, Illinois, county seat of Oregon. The building stands on a public square in the city&#39;s downtown commercial district. The current structure was completed in 1891 and was preceded by two other buildings, one of which was destroyed by a group of outlaws. Following the destruction of the courthouse, the county was without a judicial building for a period during the 1840s. The Ogle County Courthouse was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture. The ridged roof is dominated by its wooden cupola which stands out at a distance.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the courthouse building, the public square contains several outbuildings and sites that are also historic in nature and considered contributing properties to the Oregon Commercial Historic District, including a sculpture by Lorado Taft and a cast-iron fountain. The courthouse joined the Register in 1981 and was included as a contributing property to the historic district in 2006. After initially joining the Register the structure underwent a careful restoration. The courthouse no longer serves as the primary judiciary center for the county; its successor is located directly across the street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ogle County Courthouse has been the name of three buildings. The current structure on the public square, no longer in use as the judiciary center in Ogle County, was constructed in late 1890 and early 1891 at a cost of US$107,000. The basically square Romanesque Revival structure is topped with a cupola and features a full basement. It was designed by Chicago architect George O. Garnsey.</p><br>
<h3>First courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The first session of the Ogle County Commissioners&#39; Court took place on January 3, 1837, after the city of Oregon was picked as the county seat. The first courthouse was completed in 1840-1841, but it never saw use. The 1840-41 courthouse was constructed at a cost of $4,000, partially in response to "a gang of villains" harassing citizens. On March 21, 1841, the night before court convened in its new building, the bandits allegedly set the courthouse on fire, completely destroying it. The town, whipped into a fury by horse whipping and thievery and, even murder, later formed a band of "Regulators" to hunt down and bring the bandits to justice. Essentially vigilantes, the group tracked down two residents, "Old Man Driscoll" (possibly Driskell) and his son, William Driscoll, both suspected of the murder. The Driscolls were arrested and brought to Oregon by the Regulators. A trial was organized at a nearby mill. The defendants were provided with counsel and the trial ensued, which residents involved called "fair" at the time.</p><br>
<p>The swift outcome of the trial resulted in the almost immediate execution of the two men. One Driscoll, led out alone, was shot first. Then the other was led out, shown his dead relative&#39;s body and pushed for a confession. The defendant refused to confess, though he reportedly said he had committed other crimes for which he deserved death, and was also shot.</p><br>
<p>After the lynching, friends and relatives of the Driscolls attempted to strike back at the Regulators. They obtained an indictment against many of the Regulators charging them with murder. The Regulators responded by obtaining their own Bills of Indictment against every person who had stood by and witnessed the lynching. With 125 people under indictment no witnesses could be found, and no jury could be formed, so the judge cleared the charges.</p><br>
<h3>Courthouse limbo</h3><br>
<h3>Second courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The replacement for the first courthouse, destroyed by arson, was not completed until the summer of 1848. A one-story brick building, the second Ogle County Courthouse was constructed for $3,000. The county used it for several decades but it was soon outgrown as various county offices began to accumulate more and more records and files. The structure exhibited Greek Revival style, common at the time. Some of the 1848 building&#39;s architectural elements included, a vent cupola, double-hung sash windows, complete with shutters, a gabled front roof and corniced returns. The new building was used as a multi-purpose public building; besides being the courthouse it served as the meeting hall for the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation of Oregon until 1850. When community leader Henry Mix died in 1867 citizens gathered at the courthouse to mourn. Though the 1848 Ogle County Courthouse was soon found to be "inadequate in every respect" it would be over 40 years before a new facility was built. The idea of a new courthouse was met with staunch opposition and it was not until 1891 that the 1848 building was demolished and the current building erected.</p><br>
<h3>Third courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The current old courthouse in Ogle County was completed in 1891 and has been in constant use since. It was dedicated on August 20, 1891 and remained the county&#39;s primary judicial building until the same date 114 years later, in 2005. On that day Ogle County dedicated its fourth courthouse, across the street from the historic old courthouse. The 1891 courthouse was completed at a cost of slightly more than $100,000. It is constructed of red brick and detailed with Naperville and Ashton limestone in a rock-faced motif. Architect George O. Garnsey, who also designed the Ellwood House in nearby DeKalb County, designed the building in the Romanesque Revival style. The cupola was not added to the roof until 1892.</p><br>
<p>During its early years, the courthouse was a popular community meeting place; the courthouse lawn was a common setting for community events and gatherings. Today, events no longer regularly take place on the courthouse lawn, but some festivals still occur at the location. After being listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 a series of renovations began on the building, in order to, "preserve its historical and architectural integrity." Inside the courthouse, each office and courtroom was renovated, the exterior of the structure was refurbished and restored as well. The work was completed in 1983 and the building opened for public tours in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This example of Romanesque Revival architecture was designed by George O. Garnsey, a Chicago architect well known in northern Illinois. An impressive structure, the courthouse is designed on a monumental scale.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building is constructed of red pressed brick, detailed with locally quarried limestone, and reinforced with steel girders. The building&#39;s primary contractor was C.A. Moses.</p><br>
<p>The red brick facade is detailed with significant amounts of limestone, including in its continuous lintels and sills. The entrances are covered with large round arches. The full basement is hinted at by the building&#39;s prominent foundation and water table. The window lintels, and sills, as well as the arches and stairs are trimmed with limestone.</p><br>
<p>The roof is sharply angled toward its center, where a wooden cupola tops the building. It was completed after the building, in 1892. At each of the square shaped buildings four corners are dormers, which serve to break up the monotony of the otherwise ridged roof. The dormers resemble the cupola, in that they are dormered as well as multi-gabled. The roof has had routine maintenance performed as required. The buildings dominant feature, its cupola, sits on an oversized brick base with a terra cotta belt around its base top. It features blocked openings with multiple arches, double round arches, Corinthian pilasters, and organic corner detailing.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is elaborately windowed. Some windows, mostly on the first floor are straight topped. On the second floor most of the windows are topped with limestone arches. The original, wood-framed windows were replaced in 1972. The building&#39;s two main entrances feature stone arches over recessed doors; eleven step stairways lead to both doors. New doors were installed in both entrances in 1971.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The remaining original woodwork, sills, door frames, and interior doors, are all solid oak. The interior walls are 12 inches thick and, either painted or covered with paneling. An open, double staircase leads from the first floor to the second and third floors and the center of the building houses an elevator which moves from the basement to the third floor. The interior floors are all white pine wood, though some of the floors have now been carpeted. First floor ceilings are 15 feet high, with doors at a height of 12 feet. The second floor features the courtrooms, which, through the 1980s remodel, had the ceilings lowered to 10 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Other features</h2><br>
<p>The public square where the Ogle County Courthouse stands is in the heart of the Oregon Commercial Historic District. Besides the courthouse, there are five other important sites on the public square, all of which are considered contributing properties to the historic district. The sites include cannons, war memorials, and a cast-iron fountain. Iron Mike, the 1896 cast-iron fountain, is on the south side of the 400 Block of Washington Street in the Oregon Commercial Historic District. The multi-tier fountain is set into a matte green concrete base, and is four feet tall and three feet wide, at its widest point. Its lowest tier is adorned with the words "Illinois Humane Society."</p><br>
<h3>Civil War cannons</h3><br>
<p>The public square also features two surplus Civil War era cannons. The two cannons "guard" the eastern entrance to the Ogle County Courthouse. Both cannons were put in place sometime between 1898 and 1900. The Columbiad Cannon (the southern most cannon) was cast in 1846 in Boston, Massachusetts. The northern most cannon, the Parrot Cannon, was cast in 1864.</p><br>
<h3>The Soldiers' Monument</h3><br>
<p>The Soldiers Monument sits on the southeast corner of the public square. The monument was designed by sculptor Lorado Taft in 1911 and Chicago architects Allen Bartlit Pond and Irving Kane Pond designed the structure that encompasses Tafts sculptures. The installation was dedicated in 1916. The monument is adorned with plaques honoring Ogle County&#39;s war dead from the American Civil War, Mexican War, War of 1812 and World War I, the last of which was added later.</p><br>
<h3>War Memorial</h3><br>
<p>On the north side of the public square is a terraced concrete memorial dedicated to Ogle County veterans of wars other than those included on The Soldiers&#39; Monument. Dedicated on June 29, 1950, the War Memorial is adorned with plaques representing five American wars, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Persian Gulf War. The plaques were added from 1951-1991. The memorial features four brick tiers topped with concrete caps, each cap holds a flagpole base.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Ogle County Courthouse was added to National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1981. On August 16, 2006 its historic importance was reasserted when it was included as a contributing property in the Oregon Commercial Historic Districts listing on the National Register. On its original National Register nomination form the building was cited as significant in the areas of "architecture" and "politics and government." The courthouse has been called a "prized landmark," and a site "that holds a special place of honor" in the city of Oregon. Three of the features on and around the courthouse grounds, Iron Mike, the War Memorial, and The Soldiers Monument, all greatly contribute to the sense of time and place that the Oregon Commercial Historic District conveys.</p><br>
<p>Chana School is a Registered Historic Place in Ogle County, Illinois, in the county seat of Oregon, Illinois. One of six Oregon sites listed on the Register, the school is an oddly shaped, two-room schoolhouse which has been moved from its original location. Chana School joined the Register in 2005 as an education museum.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was built in 1883, in the village of Chana, Illinois. Due to the elimination of the Chana School District, the school was abandoned by the 1960s. A restoration effort was undertaken in the late 1990s, ending with a move and refurbishment in 2002 and 2003. The building now stands in a public park along the Rock River in Oregon, Illinois. Its interior also features architectural elements which set it apart from the typical 19th-century schoolhouse. From a distance, the building is dominated by its bell tower.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>The village of Chana was founded in 1871, half a mile northwest of White Oak School,</p><br>
<p>Chana&#39;s first teacher was D.C. Sears, an Oregon, Illinois resident. The late 19th century saw at least ten individuals teach at Chana School at different times. By 1888, Pine Rock Township was ready to address the question of whether or not to build a high school; Chana students attended high school in Oregon. The question was brought to a vote but failed and Chana students continued to go to Oregon schools after eighth grade.</p><br>
<h3>After closing</h3><br>
<p>After the school closed in 1953, the larger, original room was converted into a bus garage by the Chana School District. A large garage door was cut into the building and the floor completely removed. The smaller, 1893 room became a storage area. In 1962, the Chana School District ran out of room and used the building as an overflow classroom. By the mid-1960s, the Chana District folded and was absorbed by the Oregon School District. Residents were allowed to remove any items from the school after the district shut down.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>In 1997, the property was sold and the Chana School was nearly demolished. Citizens formed the Chana School Foundation to save the building. It was relocated to City Park East in Oregon, Illinois and volunteers began the process of refurbishing the building in August 1998. Five years later, in September 2003, the school had its grand opening. Since then, it has operated as a museum to help illustrate 1880s education in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The moving and restoration of the Chana School was facilitated, in part, by a US$15,000 grant from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. The grant was intended to help restore the building to its original state, restore a sand hill prairie on the site, develop museum exhibit space, and establish learning links to other museums in support of "the rural education focus" as part of the curriculum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Chana School is, on one hand, typical of rural schoolhouses, with a gabled roof and trademark bell tower. On the other hand, the building is unique among 19th-century schoolhouses. It does have some stylistic elements, mostly of the Italianate style. Examples include pedimented window crows and pronounced hoods over the belfry openings. However, Chana School&#39;s architectural difference lies in its design and, thus, its floor plan.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The bell tower rises 43 ft, and halfway up its length is a large round sign. The sign denotes the school district, Pine Rock, and the year of the school&#39;s foundation. Originally, the sign graced the front exterior wall of the larger of the two rooms. The tower rises above the roof by about fifteen feet and at its top are four arches, one on each side. Wooden construction is found throughout the tower, its arches, and the rest of the schoolhouse, save the limestone and cement foundation. At the bottom of each of the four arches are balustrades decorated with spindles. Inside the tower is the school bell. The bell house is topped with a multi-gabled roof. The roof of the overall schoolhouse is covered with cedar shingles and features chimneys rising from each of the classrooms.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s southern facade, that of the original 1883 room, features three windows. The same room has two rear windows of the same style. The windows are all double hung and of four-over-four design.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the 1883 room has been restored to its original appearance. The red oak floor is trimmed by nine inches of mop board and quarter-round, decoratively accented. The two curved and semi-circular front walls mark the two coat rooms in the original, one-room building. The rounded walls hold a chair rail and are wainscoted below the blackboards. Blackboards cover available space on the north, east, and south walls. Pressed tin extends over the ceiling and is used as a crown molding around the room on the walls from the ceiling to the top of the blackboards.</p><br>
<p>The second, newer room has also been fully restored as a schoolroom and is currently being used as a museum. The rectangular room features a half chimney, partial original oak floors, and original blackboards which are set lower for smaller children.</p><br>
<h3>Unique features</h3><br>
<p>This building, at least among schoolhouses from the time period (1880s), is architecturally unique in two ways. One feature that sets this structure apart from most rural schoolhouses of the day is the building&#39;s design. Chana School started off as a simple, run-of-the-mill, one-room schoolhouse. Ten years later, however, an addition to the building attached a second, smaller classroom, perpendicular to the original. The bell tower was then constructed to connect the two rooms. The result was a unique layout resembling an "L" with its corner shaved off. Inside the building is another unique feature for schoolhouses of the time—the coat rooms are surrounded by two semi-circular front walls in the original wing of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>The only other buildings on the site are two outhouses, located to the rear of the school building. Both are non-functional, display models. One outhouse is an original 1870s structure, transported to the site and reassembled. The other outhouse is a copy, built from salvaged materials during the school restoration. Neither outhouse is historically associated with Chana School and both are considered non-contributing factors in the schoolhouse&#39;s National Register of Historic Places listing.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Chana School was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 6, 2005. On its original nomination form to the National Register, Chana School was cited as being significant for inclusion in the Register under criteria C, which states a property: "embod(ies) the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction."</p><br>
<p>The South Side German Historic District is a neighborhood within Quincy, Illinois, United States just south of downtown. The neighborhood includes most of Quincy&#39;s rich German architecture. The region is also widely known as "Calftown", named for the number of calves once owned by its inhabitants. It was added into the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 with a boundary increase in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Structures and Attractions</h2><br>
<h3>Dick Brothers Brewery Building</h3><br>
<p>In 1857, three brothers; Matthew, John, and Jacob, founded the Dick Brothers Brewery. At one time, 70,000 barrels of brew would be produced and shipped around the Midwest, making Dick Bros. one of the largest beer brands in the country of the early 20th Century. The company&#39;s operations were once even larger than Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis. Prohibition and World War II brought much hardship to the brewery, and the brand declared bankruptcy in 1951. The property was also auctioned off. Today, the building remains as a regional landmark and numerous renovation projects have been started to revitalize the building, including the introduction of a fine art studio. There have even been projects attempting to revive the Dick Brothers brand.</p><br>
<h3>Dr. Richard Eells House</h3><br>
<p>In 1835, Dr. Richard Eells built the aforementioned home, which now resides in both the Downtown Quincy Historic District and the South Side German Historic District. Eells was an outspoken abolitionist in his community, offering runaway slaves shelter on their way north. He was found guilty of harboring fugitive slaves in 1842, and his trial was heard by Judge Stephen A. Douglas, of the Lincoln-Douglas debate fame. Following his arrest and trial, he became President of the Illinois Anti-Slavery Party and unsuccessfully ran for the Liberty Party&#39;s nomination in the 1844 US Presidential election. Today, the home of Dr. Richard Eells has been restored and is maintained by the local organization Friends of Dr. Richard Eells House. They provide tours of the historic house on an appointment basis.</p><br>
<h3>Eighth Street Business District</h3><br>
<p>The Eighth Street Business District (pictured) forms the heart of the South Side German Historic District, and many notable features are along or nearby this interchange including the State Room, LaGondola&#39;s Spaghetti House, Gem City College, and the Salem Church.</p><br>
<h3>Gem City College</h3><br>
<p>Gem City College is a school that specializes in horology and cosmetology.</p><br>
<h3>LaGondola's Spaghetti House</h3><br>
<h3>Quincy Public Library</h3><br>
<p>The Quincy Library serves much of the areas literature needs. It is built with a modern design, not a German-influenced one like much of the neighborhoods culture, however the site has become a city landmark regardless. As of 2011, the Library has begun an expansion providing a larger children&#39;s and teen section, as well as added more conference spaces for events.</p><br>
<h3>Salem Evangelical United Church of Christ</h3><br>
<p>The Salem Church stands as a prominent feature in Quincy&#39;s German historic district. Although not its original location, the church began services in 1848 by a German mission society. It moved to its present location in 1877. The church is also an historical landmark.</p><br>
<h3>The State Room</h3><br>
<p>The State Room is a former 500-seat movie theater that has been modified to function as a concert venue, reception hall, and bar. The ticket booth is still present and the outside has an array of many incandescent lightbulbs, retained features from its theater roots. State Room opened as a theater in 1938.</p><br>
<h3>Woodland Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>Woodland Cemetery is one of the oldest cemeteries in the state and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first graves began the cemetery in 1847. It is also placed on the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>Green Crag is a fell in the English Lake District. It stands between Eskdale and the Duddon valley in the Southern Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The headwaters of Eskdale and the Duddon are separated by a ridge falling south west from the summit of Crinkle Crags. This line of high ground continues over many twists and turns for 15 miles, finally meeting the sea on the slopes of Black Combe. From Crinkle Crags the first fells on this ridge are Hard Knott, Harter Fell and Green Crag. Alfred Wainwright considered the remainder of the range unworthy of inclusion in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, stating that "south and west from Green Crag the scenery quickly deteriorates. This summit has therefore been taken as the boundary of fellwalking country." Later guidebook writers have disagreed, adding Great Worm Crag, Yoadcastle, Whitfell, Buck Barrow, Black Combe and the low hills around Devoke Water to their hill lists. Wainwright himself later relented and included these lesser hills in a supplementary volume, The Outlying Fells of Lakeland.</p><br>
<p>Green Crag is the highest of a series of rocky tops which stand out from the Birker Fell moorland. Running from north to south these outcrops present a fine serrated skyline when viewed from Eskdale. Birker Fell itself is roughly square and about two miles across, with Eskdale to the north and the River Duddon to the south.</p><br>
<p>Above the wooded valley of Eskdale there is a skirt of crags before the open moor is reached. Over this edge tumble the waterfalls of Stanley Force and Birker Force, the former easily reached by made paths from the road. The farmers of Eskdale once extracted peat from the plateau and the remains of graded paths and peat huts can still be found on the fellside. The Duddon flanks have shallower gradients, divided by dry stone walls into long strips of pasture land. This rough grazing supports a series of farms along the valley between Ulpha and Seathwaite.</p><br>
<p>To the east of Green Crag is a marshy depression before the ground rises again to Harter Fell. The western boundary is formed by the Birker Fell Road, an unenclosed route from Ulpha to Eskdale Green with fine views of the Scafells. Summiting at 885 ft with hairpin climbs at either end, the road is frequently closed in winter by snow and ice. Beyond the road the moorland climbs via Seat How to the summit of Yoadcastle. From here it turns south, forming a more definite ridge on the long march to Black Combe.</p><br>
<p>The high point of the fell lies on a line of tors which break through the peat and fellgrass toward the east of the plateau. Travelling south from the Eskdale rim the tops are Kepple Crag, Great Whinscale, Crook Crag (1,538 ft), Green Crag and White How. The crest then turns west toward the Fell Road, passing over Great Worm Crag (1,400 ft), considered by some to be a separate fell.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit knoll is formed by plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Green Crag is composed of naked rock and the ordinary walker will only find access from the north or west, mild scrambling being required. The view from the small cairn on the summit gives a fine prospect of the southern fells, together with a sight of the sea due south.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Green Crag can be climbed from the Birker Fell Road, where there are some suitable off-road spaces for parking. From Eskdale the best access is via the sled gate (i.e. path used for dragging peat on sleds) which climbs near Birker Force. The plateau can also be reached in the vicinity of Kepple Crag. From the Duddon there are waymarked paths through the conifer plantations, beginning at the various Forestry car-parks.</p><br>
<p>Ponta do Sol  is a headland located in the northwest of the island of Boa Vista. Cape Verde. It is the island&#39;s northernmost point. At that location, it is the point closest to the island of Sal at Ponta do Sinó being 39.3 km apart.The town Sal Rei is approximately 6 km to the south, and the hill Vigia is 2 km to the south, to the east is Ervatão Beach and Praia de Atalanta.</p><br>
<p>The promontory and the area around it is designated a protected area as a nature reserve with a total of 467 hectares and includes the marine portion up to around 300 meters within the coast, of the marine part covers 283 hectares.</p><br>
<p>The nature reserve protects emblematic birds including ospreys and a volcanic landscape with fossil dunes. A church named Nossa Senhora de Fátima (Our Lady of Fatima) church is to the north. Streams in the promontory&#39;s area includes Ribeira de Poderoso. It also features a ligthouse, it appeared in a Cape Verdean stamp in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Around 2010, approximately ten power generating windmills were installed in the track linking the island point and Sal Rei. They provide renewable electricity to the whole island. It is 1 km southeast of the point.</p><br>
<p>Benbulbin, sometimes spelled Ben Bulben or Benbulben , is a large rock formation in County Sligo, Ireland. It is part of the Dartry Mountains, in an area sometimes called "Yeats Country".</p><br>
<p>Benbulbin is a protected site, designated as a County Geological Site by Sligo County Council.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>"Ben Bulben", "Benbulben", and "Benbulbin" are all anglicisations of the Irish name "Binn Ghulbain". "Binn" means "peak" or "mountain", while "Ghulbain" means beak or jaw in Irish. The literal translation is therefore "beak" or "jaw" peak.</p><br>
<p>The name is also echoed in the name of the king Conall Gulban, a son of Niall of the Nine Hostages who was associated with the mountain, however, whether he was named after the mountain or the mountain after him is not clear.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Formation</h3><br>
<p>Benbulbin was shaped during the ice age, when Ireland was under glaciers. Originally it was a large plateau. Glaciers moving from the northeast to southwest shaped it into its present distinct formation.</p><br>
<h3>Rock composition</h3><br>
<p>Benbulbin, and the Dartry Mountains as a whole, are composed of limestones on top of mudstones. These rocks formed in the area approximately 320 million years ago in a shallow sea. Uppermost in the limestone layer is a thicker, harder limestone called the Dartry Limestone Formation. Below this is a thinner transitional limestone formation – the Glencar Limestone Formation. Further down, the lower slopes consist of shaly mudstone known as the Benbulben Shale Formation. Scree deposits are found near the base.</p><br>
<p>Fossils exist throughout the layers of the mountains. All layers have many fossilised sea shells. The shale layer also holds some corals.</p><br>
<p>Baryte was mined at Glencarbury near Benbulbin in the Dartry range between 1894 and 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Benbulbin is an established walking destination. If climbed by the north face, it is a dangerous climb. That side bears the brunt of the high winds and storms that come in from the Atlantic Ocean. However, if approached by the south side, it is an easy walk, since that side slopes very gently. Upon reaching the summit, the climber is rewarded with a magnificent view over the coastal plain of north County Sligo and the Atlantic ocean.</p><br>
<p>The land adjacent to the impressive western edge of the ridge is privately owned farmland and not accessible to the general public. However, there is a paved path up the south face to the east near Glencar Waterfall just over the County Leitrim border.</p><br>
<h2>Walking</h2><br>
<p>One of the most beautiful trails running alongside Benbulben mountain is the Gortarowey looped walk. It runs both through the forest and out in the open overlooking the magnificent views of Benbulben and the bay of Donegal. It is 4km in length and would take approximately 1.5 hours to walk and is suitable for all ages.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Benbulbin hosts a unique variety of plants, including some organisms found nowhere else in Ireland. Many are Arctic–alpine plants, due to the mountain&#39;s height, which allows for cooler temperatures than is normal. These plants were deposited when the glaciers that created Benbulbin melted. Wild hares and foxes inhabit Benbulbin.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, research revealed that the Fringed Sandwort had survived the Ice Age and is perhaps 100,000 years old. In Ireland the plant is unique to Benbulbin. The discovery calls into question the prior consensus that Ireland&#39;s flora and fauna date from or after the end of the Ice Age.</p><br>
<h2>In Irish history</h2><br>
<h3>Irish legends</h3><br>
<p>Benbulbin is the setting of several Irish legends. It is said to be one of the hunting grounds of the Fianna, a band of warriors who are said to have lived in the 3rd century. One example is the story of The Pursuit of Diarmuid and Gráinne, in which the warrior Diarmuid Ua Duibhne (Diarmuid) is tricked by the giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) into fighting an enchanted boar, which later kills the warrior by piercing his heart with its tusk. The mountain is said to be Diarmuid and Gráinne&#39;s resting place. Also, in the 6th century, St. Columba fought a battle on the plain below Benbulbin at Cúl Dreimhne (Cooladrumman) for the right to copy a Psalter he had borrowed from St. Finnian.</p><br>
<h3>Irish Civil War</h3><br>
<p>On 20 September 1922, during the Irish Civil War, an Irish Republican Army column, including an armoured car were cornered in Sligo. The car was destroyed by another armoured car belonging to the Irish Free States National Army, and six of the IRA soldiers fled up the Benbulbins slopes. In the end, all were killed, allegedly after they had surrendered. They are known as the "Noble Six".</p><br>
<p>Brigadier Seamus Devins TD, Div. Adj. Brian MacNeill, Capt. Harry Benson, Lieut. Paddy Carroll, Vols. Tommy Langan and Joe Banks were those killed on the mountain. The six anti-treaty fighters were hunted down on the slopes of Benbulbin and put to death by Free State forces which were out to avenge the killing of Brigadier Joseph Ring eight days earlier. Two of those killed and Ring were ancestors of current and recent politicians: Ring is the grand uncle of Michael Ring, McNeill is the uncle of former Tánaiste and Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform Michael McDowell and Devins is the grandfather of Jimmy Devins.</p><br>
<h3>Plane crashes</h3><br>
<p>During World War II there were two plane crashes in the Dartry mountains close to Benbulbin.</p><br>
<p>On 9 December 1943, a USAAF Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress plane (en route from Goose Bay, Labrador to Prestwick, Scotland) crashed on Truskmore just east of Benbulbin. 10 airmen were aboard, of whom three died, two at the scene and one from injuries sustained in the crash. Local residents undertook a rescue mission, taking the injured off the mountain where they were then transferred to Sligo County Hospital. Substantial wreckage of the plane stayed on the mountain for many years following the crash and today limited amounts of aircraft fragments still remain at the site.</p><br>
<p>Near the location of the Flying Fortress crash, there was an earlier crash also involving a military aircraft. On 21 March 1941, an RAF Catalina flying boat (AM265) using the Donegal Corridor crashed into the mountain at Glenade, Co. Leitrim on the east side of Truskmore. All nine airmen aboard died in the crash.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>In the 1970s and 1980s, Sinn Féin had engaged in a slogan campaign around the theme Brits out of Ireland. Roads and walls throughout Ireland had been marked with these slogans as was Benbulbin in 1977. It was marked first with Brits Out (180 ft wide and 25 ft high) and then later with the slogan H-Block.</p><br>
<p>Benbulbin overlooks the village of Mullaghmore, the site of the assassination of Lord Mountbatten in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>The athlete Mary Cullen is from nearby Drumcliffe.</p><br>
<p>Andy "The Bull" McSharry, involved in a famous 17-year-long dispute over allowing access rights over his land, lives near Benbulbin.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>Benbulbin features prominently in the poetry of W. B. Yeats, after whom Yeats Country is named.</p><br>
<p>Yeats wrote the following in The Celtic Twilight:</p><br>
<p>The mountain is also mentioned in Yeats&#39;s On a Political Prisoner, in which he recalls the Countess Markiewicz riding past it to political meetings.</p><br>
<p>Yeats&#39;s famous poem, Under Ben Bulben, is essentially a description of Yeats Country. It describes the sights that he saw in Yeats Country.</p><br>
<p>The following is an excerpt from Under Ben Bulben:</p><br>
<p>This was Yeats&#39;s final poem, published in The Irish Times. He is buried in Drumcliffe Churchyard, in the shadow of Benbulbin.</p><br>
<p>The D. B. James House is located in Sycamore, Illinois and is part of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The James House is one of 226 properties located within the district boundaries. It stands on the corner of Exchange and Main Streets behind the DeKalb County Courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Daniel B. James</h2><br>
<p>Daniel B. James, original owner of the home on Exchange Street, was born in Vermont in 1817. While in Vermont he practiced law. The 1860 USA Census says he came to Illinois via California in 1852. James helped found the Republican Party in Sycamore and in 1857 he co-founded the Sycamore True Republican, a newspaper. In 1865 he was elected county judge and stayed in office until 1869. James died in 1877 and is interred at the Elmwood Cemetery in Sycamore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old maps of Sycamore, dated 1892 and 1894 show just one other house in the 100 block of Exchange Street, where the James House is located. By the turn of the 20th century the lots on the block had been built on. The date attributed to the house, when the district was listed on the Register of Historic Places, was 1862. However, according to old newspaper articles Daniel B. James commissioned a firm, Hammond & Carlson, to design the home in 1858 or 1859. James used the home as a law office, also its current function as of 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The David Syme House is located in Sycamore, Illinois and is part of the Sycamore Historic District. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1978. The Queen Anne style home was constructed sometime around 1880.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>David Syme arrived in Sycamore in 1868 and was president of Sycamore National Bank. During his tenure in Sycamore, Syme served as mayor and president of the school board. He often donated time and funds to the Sycamore Public Library, another building within the district. His home was constructed for about $8,000 around 1880. The architect, George O. Garnsey of Chicago, designed the home in the Queen Anne style. Some of the homes features are its two, prominent turrets and stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The Quaraí or Cuareim River  is a tributary of the Uruguay River.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The river originates in the Coxilha de Santana (Spanish Cuchilla de Santa Ana), an area of low-lying hills, and runs westward to join the Uruguay River. It forms the boundary between Uruguay on the south and Rio Grande do Sul state of Brazil on the north.</p><br>
<h2>Border dispute</h2><br>
<p>There is a long-standing and unresolved border dispute between Uruguay and Brazil along part of Quaraí River. However, this is not seen as a politically disturbing issue between the two countries, which have close and friendly diplomatic relations and strong economic ties. So far, the disputed areas have been effectively under Brazilian control.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Townsend Garage is located in Sycamore, Illinois and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Sycamore Historic District. It sits at the base of a small incline overlooked by the large Queen Anne style Townsend House. Last a gas station, the building has been used by a number of restaurants since then. It was restored and remodeled for use as a community bank in 2016. The Sycamore Historic District was listed on the Register in May 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The distinctive stone structure was constructed in 1905 for use as a garage for the estate of Frederick B. Townsend, his former home is the Queen Anne mansion that overlooks the garage property. When it was first constructed the local newspaper, the Sycamore True Republican, stated that the building was meant to hold "benzine vehicle" owned by Townsend and his brother-in-law Elmer E. Boynton. The structure was erected at a cost of about $3,000 and made of granite rocks gathered from Townsend&#39;s farmland.</p><br>
<p>After the building left private ownership the property was exploited for commercial use and became a gas station. Despite the years and the changes in function the building&#39;s historical character remains intact. The front roof, over the canopy, has seen the most change. It was originally covered with red tile, matching the building. Also, the canopy is non-original but the pillars supporting are. The last gas station at the property closed in the early 1980s and it housed a restaurant until 2015.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the garage was restored and remodeled by Resource Bank, N.A., and now serves as a community bank for the city of Sycamore.</p><br>
<p>The Patchett House is located at Ward Street , on the junction with Factory Street, in Montgomery, New York. It was originally built in the early 19th century as a tavern serving travelers on the Newburgh–Cochecton Turnpike, whose eastern half 17K follows today.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Patchett, at the time co-owner of the Montgomery Worsted Mills at the end of Factory Street on the Wallkill River, moved into the house sometime in the 1890s. His family continued living there until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Later on, though, it remained vacant and by the end of the century had fallen into serious neglect and disrepair. In 2005, serious renovations were undertaken and today the house looks as good as new. The most recent tenants are the nonprofit artist&#39;s environmental cooperative.</p><br>
<p>A nearby townhouse complex is named Patchett Crossing. The Montgomery Water Works, built on land originally owned by the Patchetts, stands almost just across 17K, and the Orange County Choppers production facility is just up the street.</p><br>
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<p>Umm al Binni lake is a mostly dry lake within the Central Marshes in Maysan Governorate in southern Iraq. The 3.4 km wide lake is approximately 45 km northwest of the Tigris–Euphrates confluence. Because of its shape, location, and other details, it has been conjectured to represent an impact crater.</p><br>
<h2>Evidence as an impact crater</h2><br>
<p>Using satellite imagery, Sharad Master suggests the 3.4 km diameter dry lake may be an impact crater based on its nearly circular, slightly polygonal rim shape, and contrasting shape to other lakes in the region. As to its origin, he rules out karst topography, salt doming, tectonic deformation, and igneous intrusion as well as possible bombing or man-made origins. Some structures may initially be found through satellite remote sensing and later established as impact craters like the recently confirmed Santa Marta crater found by S. Master and J. Heymann.</p><br>
<h2>Details and historical context</h2><br>
<p>Master estimates the age of the crater to be less than 5000 years, or earlier than 3000 BCE, due to the deposition of sediments of the Tigris-Euphrates plain as a result of the 130–150 km seaward progradation of the Persian Gulf during that time period. Some relate this apparent impact site to the 2350 BC Middle East anomaly. A lack of writings describing this event by well-known authors like Herodotus (484–425 BC) and Nearchus (360–300 BC) or later historians implies the impact may have occurred earlier, or between 3000 and 5000 years BP. During this time period, the Al Amarah region was under the Persian Gulf at a depth of approximately 10 m. Impact-induced tsunamis would have devastated coastal Sumerian cities. This may provide an alternate origin of the 2.6 m sediment layer discovered during an excavation of the Sumerian city of Ur by Leonard Woolley in 1922-1934. Descriptive passages in The Epic of Gilgamesh (circa 1600–1800 BCE) may describe such an impact and tsunami, suggesting a link to the Sumerian Deluge:</p><br>
<p>...and the seven judges of Hell, the Annunaki, raised their torches, lighting the land with their livid flame. A stupor of despair went up to heaven when the god of the storm turned daylight into darkness, when he smashed the land like a cup. One whole day the tempest raged, gathering fury as it went, it poured over the people like tides of battle; a man could not see his brother nor the people be seen from heaven. Even the gods were terrified at the flood, they fled to the highest heaven, the firmament of Anu; they crouched against the walls, cowering like curs.</p><br>
<h2>Climate change and impact effects</h2><br>
<p>It has been proposed that sudden climate changes and catastrophic events around 2200 BCE (including the collapse of the Sumerian civilisation) could be linked to a comet or asteroid impact. Master has conjectured that the alleged Umm al Binni impact could be responsible for this catastrophe, producing the energy equivalent to thousands of Hiroshima-sized bombs.</p><br>
<p>Using equations describing impact effects based on work from Collins et al., Shoemaker, Glasstone & Dolanand others, Hamacher determined that an impacting bolide would have produced energy in the range of 190 to 750 megatons of TNT (for an asteroid and comet impact, respectively). For comparison, the Tunguska event was estimated to have an explosive force of about 10-15 megatons.</p><br>
<p>Hamachers result is dependent on the impactors density, size, and impact velocity. In order to produce an impact crater with the dimensions of Umm al Binni lake, a Ni-Fe asteroid (density=7860 kg/m^3, v=15 km/s) would have been around 100 m in diameter while a comet (density=500 kg/m^3, v=25 km/s) would have been between 200 and 300 m in diameter. The resulting impact effects would have caused massive devastation to an area thousands of square kilometres in size, but would not have been sufficient on its own to have caused the wide-scale damage seen at distances exceeding ~100 kilometers from the impact and thus could not be responsible for many of the more distant devastating effects on its own.</p><br>
<p>Although a large mount of circumstantial evidence has been published in the literature suggesting Umm al Binni is an impact crater, no on-site analysis has been done, primarily due to the current volatile and dangerous situation in Iraq. Therefore, Umm al Binni lake remains a possible, albeit unconfirmed, impact structure.</p><br>
<p>Agassiz Peak is the second-highest mountain in the USA state of Arizona at 12,360 ft. It is located north of Flagstaff, Arizona in the San Francisco Peaks. It is in the Kachina Peaks Wilderness on the Coconino National Forest. The peak was named for Louis Agassiz, the celebrated naturalist.</p><br>
<p>Many visitors to Flagstaff incorrectly assume that Agassiz Peak is Humphreys Peak, the state high point. This is because Agassiz is between Humphreys and Flagstaff, blocking the view of Humphreys from town.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is only open to climbers in the winter when it is covered in snow. Hiking above treeline at other times is illegal due to the "threatened with critical habitat" status of the San Francisco Peaks groundsel (Senecio franciscanus).</p><br>
<p>At a latitude of 35°19&#39;33"N, Agassiz Peak is the southernmost mountain peak in the contiguous United States which rises to a height of more than 12,000 feet above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Portmore Lough  is a small lake in southwest County Antrim, Northern Ireland that drains water into nearby Lough Neagh. It is roughly circular and covers an area of 286 hectares. The Lough and its shoreland is designated a Ramsar site, a Special Protection Area  and an Area of Special Scientific Interest . The lough is now part of a Royal Society for the Protection of Birds nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>The lough is near the site of the former Portmore Castle, erected in 1664 and removed in 1761. It is also the presumed location of the Portmore Ornament Tree whose demise in a windstorm of 1760 is lamented in the Irish folk song, Bonny Portmore.</p><br>
<p>Portmore Lough has the alternative name Lough Beg (Loch Bheag, or "small lake"), not to be confused with the Lough Beg on the Lower Bann.</p><br>
<p>The Georges Block, once known as the James Block, is a 19th-century structure located in Sycamore, Illinois, along Illinois Route 64  as it passes through the DeKalb County seat. The Block is part of the Sycamore Historic District and as such is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The district joined the Register in May 1978. The building dates from 1857 when it was owned by Daniel P. James but by the 1860s the building has become known as Georges Block.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Georges Block began its life in 1857 and was then known as the James Block, after the owner Daniel P. James. James, a prominent citizen, lived in the nearby Jerkin-roofed D. B. James House, also part of the Sycamore Historic District. By the 1860s the James name was gone but the building was still known as a block. Many buildings of the period were known as blocks, usually multi-story and multi-business, the buildings contained retail and professional space or, in the case of Georges Block, lecture halls or auditoriums. The third floor of the George&#39;s Block, not in use as of 2007, contained a lecture hall where a wide variety of speakers from around the United States would come for presentations. In the first year the building existed such famous men as Horace Greeley, Charles Sumner and Bayard Taylor spoke there.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The George&#39;s Block has undergone several changes through the years. Even before the turn of the 20th Century a partial balcony, that had been in place below the second-floor windows of the three story structure, was gone. It is thought that this balcony probably crossed the entire State Street facade of the building. After the turn of the century the balcony had been replaced with awnings. The original brick cornice remains intact. The first floor level once held a variety of storefronts, on both the State and Maple Street sides of the building. Today the building is mostly converted for use as a real estate office. Windows have been slowly replaced or removed over time. The real estate office windows are somewhat in the spirit of the originals and the areas where windows once were on the Maple Street side of the building have long since been bricked over. On the upper floors the double hung windows have been replaced with single pane sashes. Of the 16 third floor windows only three are present, the other thirteen were boarded up through the decades.</p><br>
<p>The Amos B. Coe House is a historic home in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the United States. It was built for a local real estate developer in 1884 in the Eastlake Style of Queen Anne architecture. A carriage house in the Shingle Style was added in 1886.</p><br>
<p>The house is located at 1700 3rd Avenue South in the Stevens Square neighborhood of south Minneapolis. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>Attorneys for the construction, plumbing and electrical companies that had previously won a court judgment for unpaid work at the museum joined together to purchase the property for $1.3 million: the total amount a judge found that they are owed. The group was the sole bidder at the public auction.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 2008, the Minnesota African American Museum and Cultural Center occupied the structure. The museum began a $6 million fundraising effort to renovate it. Although the museum spent several million dollars on improvements, its fundraising effort failed to cover the cost of renovations. Creditors won a lawsuit in September 2015 evicting the museum. The creditors now jointly own the property.</p><br>
